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Interactions and relations between mountain permafrost, glaciers, snow and water

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  • Stuart A. Harris
  • Arturo E. Corte

Abstract

There are problems in determining the amount of precipitation at a given site in mountain permafrost areas, because snow can be redistributed by wind or avalanches. Both snow and rain greatly affect permafrost distribution. Surface soil conditions also affect permafrost distribution. Dry blocky surfaces, peaty soils and soils with a thick organic mat tend to favour permafrost development. Active layers are deepest on dry mineral soils at low latitudes. Moist soils have thin active layers which exhibit the zero curtain effect during freezing and thawing. Meteoric H2O enters permafrost in response to thermal gradients. The H2O content may reach 80% by volume in its upper layers in some rock glaciers. In Kazakhstan a perched water table occurs above the thawing front in the active layer and provides a reliable supply of water to plants, so that the permafrost lands have a lush meadow tundra in summer. The physical and chemical properties of the discharge from mountain permafrost areas can be used to differentiate it from glacial discharge and groundwater. There is an antipathetic relationship between the lower limit of permafrost and the equilibrium line on glaciers. Gorbunov's Continentality Index is the only system for classifying the climate of mountain permafrost areas that indicates their great climatic variability. Il est difficile de déterminer la quantité de précipitations tombées en un site particulier dans des régions de pergélisol de montagne, parce que la neige peut être redistribuée par le vent et les avalanches. Or, à la fois, la neige et la pluie affectent la distribution du pergélisol. Les conditions de surface du sol influencent aussi la distribution du pergélisol. Les surfaces sèches rocheuses, les sols tourbeux et les sols ayant une épaisse couverture organique sont favorables au développement du pergélisol. La couche active est la plus épaisse sur les sols secs minéraux aux basses latitudes. Les sols humides ont une couche active peu épaisse qui montre le ‘zero curtain’ au moment du gel et du dégel. Les eaux météoriques pénètrent dans le pergélisol en réponse au gradient thermique. Le contenu en eau peut atteindre 80% par volume dans les couches supérieures de quelques glaciers rocheux. Au Kazakhstan, une nappe aquifère perchée existe audessus du front de dégel dans la couche active et fournit une quantité d'eau garantie aux plantes de telle sorte que les zones de pergélisol sont recouvertes d'une toundra herbeuse qui est pleine desève en été. Les propriétés physiques et chiiques des eaux s'écoulant des régions de pergelisol de montagne peuvent être utilisées pour différencier celles‐ci des eaux provenant de glaciers et de nappes aquifères du sol. II existe une relation entre la limite inférieure du pergélisol et la ligne d'équilibre des glaciers. L'indice de continentalité de Gorbunov est le seul système qui permet de classer les climats des régions de pergélisol de montagne de façon à indiquer leur grande variabilité

Suggested Citation

  • Stuart A. Harris & Arturo E. Corte, 1992. "Interactions and relations between mountain permafrost, glaciers, snow and water," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 3(2), pages 103-110, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:3:y:1992:i:2:p:103-110
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430030207
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