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Ice‐wedge casts of Wisconsinan age in Eastern Nebraska

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  • William J. Wayne

Abstract

Sand‐filled, wedge‐shaped structures beneath a thin layer of aeolian sand penetrate a pre‐Illinoian till and gravel in northeastern Nebraska. Interpreted to be relic thermal contraction crack wedges, they provide the first definite evidence in this State of the former presence of permafrost. The wedges are 5‐7 m apart, 1.8‐2.8 m deep and 0.6‐0.9 m across at the top, taper downward to a crack and intersect to form polygons. They are filled with medium sand that contains mostly rounded and frosted grains. Vertical fabric is present in each wedge. Ventifacts lie along the top of the till, which is covered by 0.3‐0.4 m of interlaminated medium and fine sand that grades upward into 1.0 m of Peoria Loess. These sand wedges formed in thermal contraction cracks, in dry, windswept areas 25‐50 km south of the Late Wisconsinan ice margin, where snow cover was minimal, so that blown sand fell into the open cracks. They probably required mean annual temperatures of —6 °C to —8 °C or lower, along with strong winds and rapid drops in temperature. Yardang‐like topography, beyond the limit of Wisconsinan till across central South Dakota and northeastern Nebraska, is further evidence of exceptionally strong winds parallel to the ice margin during the Late Wisconsinan glacial maximum, between 22 and 18 ka. Des structures en forme de coin, remplies de sable pénètrent sous une fine couche de sable éolien dans un dépét glaciaire et des graviers pré‐illinoïens dans le NE du Nébraska. Interprétées comme des fentes de gel fossiles formées par contraction thermique, ces structures fournissent la première évidence de l'existence ancienne d'un pergélisol dans cet Etat. Les coins sont distants de 5 à 7 m et s'intersectent pour former des polygones. Us sont profonds de 1,8 à 2,8 m, larges de 0,6 à 0,9 m au sommet et s'amincissent en profondeur jusqu'à devenir des fissures. Ils sont remplis de sables de taille moyenne formés principalement de grains arrondis et mats. La disposition verticale des éléments est la méme dans chaque coin. Des cailloux éolisés se trouvent près du sommet du dépét glaciaire qui est couvert par 0,3 à 0,4 m de sables interstratifiés moyens et fins; au‐dessus, ce dépét passe à 1,0 m de loess Peoria. Ces coins à remplissage de sables ont été formés comme des fissures de contraction thermique dans des régions sèches balayées par le vent, à 25 ou 50 km au S de la dernière limite glaciaire wisconsinienne. La couverture de neige y était minime, de telle sorte que le sable déplacé par le vent tombait dans les fissures ouvertes. Ces formes sont sans doute apparues quand la température moyenne annuelle était de —6 à —8 °C ou plus basse, et pendant une période où existaient des vents puissants et de brusques chutes de température. Une topographie semblable à celle des yardangs, s'étendant au sud du dépét glaciaire wisconsinien, fournit pour le centre du S Dakota et le NE du Nébraska, une évidence supplémentaire de l'existence de vents exceptionnellement forts, paralléles é la bordure glaciaire, pendant le maximum de la glaciation de la fin du Wisconsin, entre 22 et 18 ka.

Suggested Citation

  • William J. Wayne, 1991. "Ice‐wedge casts of Wisconsinan age in Eastern Nebraska," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 2(3), pages 211-223, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:2:y:1991:i:3:p:211-223
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430020305
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