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Geomorphic impact of spring avalanches in Northwest Spitsbergen (79° N)

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  • Marie‐Françoise André

Abstract

Using persistent snow cover as a debris trap enables isolation of snow avalanching from the combination of processes involved in debris transfer. In glacial cirques of Spitsbergen, accretion rates recorded in sample squares generally ranged from 0.04 mm/yr to 8.13 mm/yr, with extreme values close to 40 mm. Field observations carried out between 1982 and 1986 suggest that differences in erosional effects of spring avalanches primarily depend on morphostructural factors. For instance, rates of denudation presented here imply that the geomorphic impact of snow avalanching is at least twenty times higher on dissected mica schist walls than on steep and smooth gneissic walls. Moreover, it is noticeable that the average accretion rate of 0.3 mm/yr is roughly the same for pellicular avalanches studied in this paper and for major slush avalanches observed in Central Spitsbergen. However, if numerical values are similar, morphogenic effects are very different. While annual snow avalanches only rearrange debris by scraping scree slopes, episodic slush avalanches form long‐lasting boulder tongues. L'utilisation du tapis neigeux comme piège à débris permet d'isoler la dynamique avalancheuse de la combinaison de processus affectant les versants arctiques. Dans les cirques du Spitsberg, les taux d'accumulation mesurés sur les carrés d'échantillonnage s'échelonnent entre 0.04 mm/an et 8.13 mm/an, avec des valeurs extrěmes de l'ordre de 40 mm. Les observations effectuées entre 1982 et 1986 montrent que l'impact érosif des avalanches de printemps est essentiellement tributaire du cadre morphostructural. Les taux de dénudation obtenus suggèrent en effet que l'efficacité morphogénique des avalanches est vingt fois plus grande sur les parois mica‐schisteuses à couloirs de fracturation que sur les parois lisses taillées dans les gneiss massifs. En outre, il est à noter que le taux d'accumulation moyen de 0.3 mm/an s'applique aussi bien aux avalanches pelliculaires de printemps étudiées ici qu'aux avalanches de slush observées au coeur du Spitsberg. Toutefois, si les chiffres concordent, l'impact sur les paysages diffère considerablement. Alors que les avalanches annuelles ne font en gènèral que racier superficiellement les talus de débris, les avalanches de slush èpisodiques donnent naissance à des formes originales, vastes langues à blocs dont la durée de vie excède le millénaire.

Suggested Citation

  • Marie‐Françoise André, 1990. "Geomorphic impact of spring avalanches in Northwest Spitsbergen (79° N)," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(2), pages 97-110, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:1:y:1990:i:2:p:97-110
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.3430010203
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