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Cold‐climate origin of the enclosed depressions and wetlands (‘spungs’) of the Pine Barrens, southern New Jersey, USA

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  • Hugh M. French
  • Mark Demitroff

Abstract

The ‘frost‐thaw’ or thermokarst‐lake‐basin hypothesis, first invoked by P. E. Wolfe in 1953 to explain the enclosed depressions and shallow basins (‘spungs’) of southern New Jersey, is re‐examined. The most probable explanation is that they formed in late Wisconsinan times as deflation hollows, or ‘blowouts’, when strong katabatic winds flowed southwards from the continental ice margin across the sparsely vegetated, tundra terrain of the Pine Barrens. Wedge structures and cryoturbation phenomena suggest the existence of either permafrost or deep seasonal frost, and imply mean annual air temperatures of between −0.5 °C and −6 °C. When the groundwater table rose in late‐glacial times, the hollows became ponds or wetlands. These were utilized as early as 12,000 years ago by palaeoindian and early archaic cultures as hunting camp sites. Today, many of these wetlands are drying up as the regional water table falls in response to increased water usage from agriculture and urbanization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. L'hypothèse gel‐dégel ou de bassins thermokarstiques, invoquée pour la première fois par P.E. Wolfe en 1953 pour expliquer les dépressions fermées et les bassins peu profonds (spungs) du sud du New Jersey, est réexaminée. L'explication la plus probable est que ces dépressions se sont formées à la fin du Wisconsin comme des creux de déflation au moment où des vents catabatiques violents soufflaient vers le sud sur la marge de la calotte glaciaire et sur la végétation éparse de la toundra qui couvrait les Pine Barrens. Des structures en coin et des cryoturbations suggèrent l'existence, soit d'un pergélisol, soit d'un gel profond saisonnier, et impliquent des températures annuelles de l'air comprises entre – 0.5 et – 6°C. Quand la nappe aquifère s'est élevée à la fin de la glaciation, les dépressions sont devenues des mares ou des zones humides. Elles furent utilisées comme sites de camps de chasse, il y a 12000 ans par des Paléoindiens et des cultures archaïques primitives. Aujourd'hui, beaucoup de ces terres humides disparaissent à la suite de l'abaissement régional de la nappe aquifère résultant d'un accroissement de l'utilisation d'eau par l'agriculture et l'urbanisation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Hugh M. French & Mark Demitroff, 2001. "Cold‐climate origin of the enclosed depressions and wetlands (‘spungs’) of the Pine Barrens, southern New Jersey, USA," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 12(4), pages 337-350, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:12:y:2001:i:4:p:337-350
    DOI: 10.1002/ppp.401
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