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An arctic groundwater system and its dependence upon climatic change: an example from Svalbard

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  • S. Haldorsen
  • M. Heim

Abstract

Arctic groundwater systems are climatically controlled. On Svalbard, the permafrost forms a 100–400 m thick and fairly continuous aquitard, and groundwater recharge is mainly restricted to the temperate basal zones of the glaciers. The climate changed quite quickly and became milder when the Little Ice Age ended at the end of the last century. Studies of two groundwater systems in Ny‐Ålesund show how climatic change and groundwater discharge are related. The groundwater discharge has decreased since the Little Ice Age, as a result of decreasing recharge. Decreased recharge is related to the decrease in the glaciers' accumulation zone and a decreased melting rate as the glaciers approach a climatic equilibrium. For one groundwater spring, the discharge has decreased roughly 50% since the 1920s. The terrestrial groundwater discharge of this spring may become quite limited or even cease in the relatively near future. The groundwater discharge channel through the permafrost zone may freeze as a result of decreased groundwater fluxes and therefore lower transfer of geothermal heat. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Les circulations d'eau dans le sol arctique sont contrôlées par le climat. Sur Svalbard, le pergélisol forme un “aquitard” (zone où le mouvement de l'eau est retardé) très continu, épais de 100 à 400 m, dont la recharge est essentiellement sous la dépendance des zones basales tempérées des glaciers. Le climat a changé très rapidement et est devenu plus doux quand le Petit Age Glaciaire s'est terminé à la fin du siècle dernier. Des études de deux systèmes de nappes aquifères près de Ny‐Ålesund montrent les relations entre le changement climatique et le débit des sources. Le débit des nappes a été réduit depuis le Petit Age Glaciaire car la recharge des nappes a été diminuée. Cette diminution s'est produite dans la zone d'accumulation du glacier et peut, aussi, être liée à un ralentissement de la vitesse de fonte du glacier lorsqu'il se rapproche de l'équilibre climatique. Pour une source, le débit a diminué d'environ 50% depuis les années 1920. La débit de cette source pourra être très réduit ou même cesser tout à fait dans un futur relativement proche. Le chenal permettant l'écoulement de l'eau au travers du pergélisol pour aboutir à cette source est susceptible de geler à la suite de la réduction du débit et donc à la suite d'une diminution dans le transfert de la chaleur géothermique. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • S. Haldorsen & M. Heim, 1999. "An arctic groundwater system and its dependence upon climatic change: an example from Svalbard," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(2), pages 137-149, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:perpro:v:10:y:1999:i:2:p:137-149
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199904/06)10:23.0.CO;2-#
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