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Sovereignty Over Natural Resources And The Search For A New International Economic Order

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  • HASAN S. ZAKARIYA

Abstract

The norms embodied in the United Nations resolutions on permanent sovereignty over natural resources are held to be an adequate general framework for equitable international co‐operation in the field of natural resources. While some developing countries, notably the petroleum exporters, have recently managed to translate these norms into a living reality, for many others, notably the least developed countries (LDCs), they still represent little more than an abstract ideal. Lacking the necessary means to locate and develop their own natural resources, the problem of the LDCs is not only how to obtain outside assistance, but also how to ensure that the conditions for such assistance conform to the letter and spirit of the above‐mentioned resolutions. Since the international public sector has been very reluctant to provide the LDCs with effective financial assistance in the field of mineral and petroleum exploration, their main source of assistance has so far been the foreign private sector. The new policy announced by the World Bank in this regard, although commendable, nevertheless falls short of meeting the real needs of these countries. The international public sector is called upon to assume a more decisive role in assisting the LDCs to develop their potential natural resources. One of the main goals of this expanded role is to enable them to obtain from the transnational companies contractual terms which are more in conformity with the United Nations resolutions on permanent sovereignty. Les normes que renferment les résolutions des Nations Unies sur la souveraineté permanente en matière de ressources naturelles sont considérées comme un cadre général adéquat pour une coopération internationale équitable dans le domaine des ressources naturelles. Tandis que certains pays en développement, notamment les pays exportateurs de pétrole, ont réussi récemment à appliquer ces normes à la réalité, pour d'autres, et en particulier les pays les moins avancés (PMA), ces normes constituent un peu plus qu'un idéal abstrait. Dépourvus des moyens nécessaires pour localiser et mettre en valeur leurs ressources naturelles, ces PMA doivent faire face à un double problème: d'une part, obtenir une assitance extérieure et de l'autre, s'assurer que les conditions d'une telle aide soient conformes à la lettre et l'esprit des résolutions mentionnées ci‐dessus. Depuis que le secteur public international s'est montré réticent à l'égard de ces pays en matière d'assistance financière effective dans le domaine de l'exploration minière et pétrolière, leur principale source d'assistance a été jusqu'à cette date et secteur privé étranger. La nouvelle politique annoncée par la Banque mondiale à cet égard, bien que louable, ne répond cependant pas entièrement aux besoins réels de ces pays. Le secteur public international devrait jouer un rôle plus décisif en matière d'assistance aux PMA en ce qui concerne la mise en valeur de leurs ressources naturelles éventuelles. Un des buts principaux de ce rôle plus actif consiste à permettre à ces pays d'obtenir des sociétés transnationales des termes de contrats plus en accord avec les résolutions des Nations Unies sur la souveraineté permanente. Las normas comprendidas en las Resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas a cerca de la soveranía permanente sobre recursos naturales se consideran un marco general adecuado para una cooperación internacional equitativa en el campo de los recursos naturales. Mientras que algunos paises en desarrollo, especialmente los exportatores de petróleo, han logrado recientemente trasladar estas normas en realidad viviente, para muchos otros, especialmente para los paises menos desarrollados, esta normas representan un poco mas que un ideal abstracto. Debido a que carecen de los medios necesarios para ubicar y desarrollar sus recursos naturales, el problema de los paises menos desarrollados no consiste solamente en cómo obtener ayuda externa sino tambien en cómo asegurar que esta ayuda se ajuste a la letra y espiritu de las Resoluciones arriba mencionadas. Puesto que el sector público internacional ha estado muy renuente a proveer a los paises menos desarrollados asistencia financiera efectiva en el campo de la exploración petrolera y de minerales, su fuente de asistencia ha sido hasta el momento el sector privado extranjero. La nueva política anunciada por el Banco Mundial a este respecto, aunque laudable, está lejos de satisfacer las necesidades reales de estos paises. Se hace un llamado al sector público internacional a asumir un rol más decisivo en la asistencia de los paises menos desarrollados para desarrollar el potencial de recursos naturales de estos paises. Uno de los mayores objetivos de este mayor rol es el de posibilitar que estos paises obtengan de las compañias transnacionales condiciones contractuales que esten en conformidad con las Resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas sobre soveran ía permanente.

Suggested Citation

  • Hasan S. Zakariya, 1980. "Sovereignty Over Natural Resources And The Search For A New International Economic Order," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 4(1), pages 75-84, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:natres:v:4:y:1980:i:1:p:75-84
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1980.tb00963.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Stephen Zorn, 1983. "Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 7(4), pages 321-328, October.

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