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Health care privatization processes in Europe: Theoretical justifications and empirical classification

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  • Christine André
  • Philippe Batifoulier
  • Mariana Jansen‐Ferreira

Abstract

This article analyses the health care system reform process in Europe based on the concept of privatization. This notion is understood from two perspectives. First, privatization may concern the health care financing or the provision of health services. Second, privatization can be “imposed” on individuals or be “internalized” and then introduced by individuals (patients and doctors). So we emphasize the diversity that privatization can assume. We classify privatization mechanisms used by different countries and identify which of the perspectives presented are more common in 14 European Union countries since the 1980s. The article shows that even if privatization processes are widespread, they assume different patterns in each country. Ce texte analyse les processus de réforme des systèmes de santé en Europe à partir de la notion de privatisation. On décline ce concept selon deux axes. Sur le premier axe, la privatisation peut porter sur le financement des soins ou bien sur la délivrance des soins. Sur le second axe, la privatisation peut être « imposée » aux individus ou bien être « intégrée » et être portée par les individus (patients ou médecins). On met ainsi en évidence une diversité de privatisations. On classe ensuite les dispositifs mobilisés par les différents pays dans cette typologie des privatisations et on identifie les types de privatisation privilégiés par 14 pays de l'Union Européenne depuis 1980. On montre que si ces processus de privatisation sont généralisés, ils sont hiérarchisés différemment selon les pays. En este artículo se analizan los proceso de reforma de los sistemas de atención de salud en Europa en base al concepto de privatización. Esta noción se entiende desde dos perspectivas. En primer lugar, la privatización puede hacer referencia a la financiación de la atención de salud o a la prestación de servicios de salud. En segundo lugar, la privatización puede “imponerse” a las personas, o “internalizarse” y ser introducida entonces por las personas (pacientes y médicos). Por lo tanto, se pone énfasis en la diversidad que la privatización puede adoptar. Se clasifican los mecanismos de privatización utilizados por diferentes países y se identifican entre las perspectivas presentadas las más comunes en 14 países de la Unión Europea desde la década de 1980. En el artículo se muestra que aun cuando los procesos de privatización estén generalizados, estos adoptan diferentes modelos en cada país. Dieser Artikel analysiert den auf dem Konzept der Privatisierung beruhenden Reformprozess der Gesundheitssysteme Europas. Der Begriff Privatisierung wird aus zwei Perspektiven betrachtet. Erstens kann sich die Privatisierung auf die Finanzierung des Gesundheitswesens oder die Erbringung von Gesundheitsdienstleistungen beziehen. Zweitens kann die Privatisierung den Einzelnen „aufgezwungen“ werden oder Einzelne haben sie „internalisiert“ und führen sie sodann ein (Patienten und Ärzte). Es wird betont, welch unterschiedliche Bedeutungen der Begriff Privatisierung haben kann. Die von den Ländern verwendeten Privatisierungsmechanismen werden klassifiziert und es wird ermittelt, welche der vorgestellten Perspektiven in 14 Ländern der Europäischen Union seit den 1980er Jahren verbreitet sind. Der Artikel zeigt auf, dass Privatisierungsprozesse, auch wenn sie weit verbreitet sind, in jedem Land einem anderen Muster folgen. Este artigo analisa o processo de reforma do sistema de saúde na Europa com base no conceito de privatização. Compreende‐se esta conceituação de duas perspectivas. A primeira, a privatização no que diz respeito ao financiamento da assistência médica ou à prestação de serviços de saúde. A segunda, a privatização podendo ser “imposta” aos indivíduos ou ser “internalizada” e, em seguida, introduzida pelos indivíduos (pacientes e médicos). Enfatizamos, pois, a diversidade que a privatização pode assumir. Classificamos os mecanismos de privatização usados e identificamos, entre as perspectivas apresentadas, quais são as mais comuns em 14 países da União Europeia a partir dos anos 1980. O artigo mostra que mesmo os processos de privatização sendo bastante disseminados, eles assumem diferentes modelos em cada país. B cтaтьe aнaлизиpуeтcя пpoцecc peфopмиpoвaния cиcтeм здpaвooxpaнeния в Eвpoпe, в ocнoву кoтopoгo лeжит кoнцeпция пpивaтизaции. Paccмoтpeны двa acпeктa пpивaтизaции: пepвый кacaeтcя финaнcиpoвaния здpaвooxpaнeния или пpeдocтaвлeния мeдицинcкиx уcлуг, втopoй cocтoит в тoм, чтo пpивaтизaция мoжeт быть «нaвязaнa» нaceлeнию либo быть пoдгoтoвлeнa «изнутpи» и зaтeм пpeтвopятьcя в жизнь учacтникaми пpoцecca – пaциeнтaми и вpaчaми. Aвтopы пoдчepкивaют, чтo пpивaтизaция мoжeт пpинимaть caмыe paзнooбpaзныe фopмы. B cтaтьe пpивeдeнa клaccификaция пpивaтизaциoнныx мexaнизмoв paзличныx cтpaн и идeнтифициpoвaны мoдeли, нaибoлee типичныe для 14 cтpaн Eвpocoюзa, нaчинaя в 1980‐x гoдoв. Aвтopы пoкaзывaют, чтo пpoцecc пpивaтизaции, дaжe будучи шиpoкo pacпpocтpaнeнным, имeeт в кaждoй cтpaнe cвoи xapaктepныe ocoбeннocти 本文分析了欧洲基于私有化理念的医疗保健制度改革进程。要从两个角度理解这一理念。首先,私有化可能涉及医疗保健的融资或医疗服务的提供。其次,私有化可能会“强加”给个人或者被“内部化”,然后由个人(患者和医生)采用。因此,我们强调私有化能够呈现的多样性。我们对1980年代以来不同国家使用的私有化机制进行分类,并确定哪类情形在14个欧盟国家中更加常见。文章表明,即使私有化进程普遍展开,但它们在每个国家表现出不同的模式。 يحلّل هذا المقال عملية إصلاح نظام الرعاية الصحية في أوروبا القائمة على مفهوم الخصخصة. ويُنظر للمفهوم من منظورين اثنين. أولاً، قد تُعنى الخصخصة بتمويل الرعاية الصحية أو توفير الخدمات الصحية. ثانياً، قد "تُفرض" الخصخصة على الأفراد أو "يُجرى إقبالها" ومن ثمة يقدمها الأفراد (المرضى والأطباء). لذا نحن نؤكد على الطابع المتنوع الذي تتخذه الخصخصة. فنحن نصنف آليات الخصخصة التي تُستخدم في مختلف البلدان ومن ثمة نحدد وجهات النظر الأكثر شيوعاً منذ الثمانينيات من القرن الماضي في 14 بلداً من بلدان الاتحاد الأوروبي. ويبيّن المقال أن عمليات الخصخصة، على الرغم من انتشارها، تتخذ انماطاً مختلفة في كل بلد.

Suggested Citation

  • Christine André & Philippe Batifoulier & Mariana Jansen‐Ferreira, 2016. "Health care privatization processes in Europe: Theoretical justifications and empirical classification," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 69(1), pages 3-23, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:69:y:2016:i:1:p:3-23
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12092
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    1. Philippe Batifoulier & Nicolas Da Silva & Mehrdad Vahabi, 2020. "La Sociale contre l’Etat providence. Prédation et protection sociale," CEPN Working Papers 2020-01, Centre d'Economie de l'Université de Paris Nord.
    2. Nicolas da Silva, 2021. "The Industrialization of "Liberal Medicine" in France. A Labor Quality Conventions Approach," Post-Print hal-03185634, HAL.
    3. Philippe Batifoulier & Anne-Sophie Ginon, 2022. "Voluntary health insurance markets in France: . Economic rationales and legal mechanisms [Les marchés de l'Assurance santé privée en France : Logiques économiques et dispositifs juridiques]," CEPN Working Papers hal-03584803, HAL.
    4. Helen M. Lloyd & Inger Ekman & Heather L. Rogers & Vítor Raposo & Paulo Melo & Valentina D. Marinkovic & Sandra C. Buttigieg & Einav Srulovici & Roman Andrzej Lewandowski & Nicky Britten, 2020. "Supporting Innovative Person-Centred Care in Financially Constrained Environments: The WE CARE Exploratory Health Laboratory Evaluation Strategy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-19, April.
    5. Philippe Batifoulier & Louise Braddock & Victor Duchesne & Ariane Ghirardello & John Latsis, 2021. "Das Targeting von „Lifestyle“-Bedingungen. Welche Rechtfertigungen für die Behandlung? [“Targeting Lifestyle" Conditions: What Justifications for Treatment?]," Post-Print hal-03345323, HAL.
    6. Philippe Batifoulier & Rainer Diaz-Bone, 2022. "Perspectives on the economics and sociology of health. Contributions from the institutionalist approach of economics of convention -an introduction," CEPN Working Papers hal-03584852, HAL.

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