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Consumer Mobility, Offline and Online Regional Trade: Evidence From High‐Frequency Transaction Data

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  • David Bounie
  • Youssouf Camara
  • John W. Galbraith

Abstract

The shift from offline to online purchasing is reshaping trade patterns: a weaker effect of distance has been observed in digital transactions. This study analyzes these dynamics at an unprecedented scale and granularity, using interregional gravity models estimated from billions of geolocated French card transactions. Using a matched sample of merchants active in both online and offline channels, with unambiguous regional identification, we compare purchasing behavior across channels. We estimate that distance matters 35% less online than offline on average, but for durables, 69% lower online; 43% lower online for nondurables; a negligible online–offline difference is found for services.

Suggested Citation

  • David Bounie & Youssouf Camara & John W. Galbraith, 2026. "Consumer Mobility, Offline and Online Regional Trade: Evidence From High‐Frequency Transaction Data," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 67(2), pages 565-579, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:iecrev:v:67:y:2026:i:2:p:565-579
    DOI: 10.1111/iere.70036
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