IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/crtinf/v7y2026i2ne70032.html

A Question of Priorities: Nuclear Baseload Versus Pumped Hydro Storage—A Critical Infrastructure Policy Analysis of Australia's Snowy 2.0

Author

Listed:
  • Alberto Boretti

Abstract

Critical infrastructure investment decisions must balance reliability, cost, and decarbonization. Australia has committed AUD 42 billion to Snowy 2.0, a pumped hydro storage project that delivers 2.2 GW of power with 350 GWh of storage at 70% round‐trip efficiency. For a similar or lower cost, China is building 12.5 GW of nuclear baseload capacity, which provides approximately 11.9 GW of continuous, reliable power. It is acknowledged that pumped hydro storage and nuclear baseload serve fundamentally different functions within an electricity system: storage provides flexibility and grid balancing, while nuclear provides firm, dispatchable generation. However, the comparison is justified by the comparable scale of capital investment and the shared policy objective of decarbonization, as well as the opportunity cost of committing such a large sum to a single project. Snowy 2.0 is a net consumer of electricity over a full charge–discharge cycle and can supply only about 0.9 GW of average baseload—just 7.5% of the output of an equivalent nuclear investment. This inherent inefficiency is not a unique weakness of pumped hydro—all storage systems with less than 100% round‐trip efficiency are net consumers of electricity over a complete cycle. The central policy question is whether Snowy 2.0 represents the most cost‐effective way to achieve grid stability and decarbonization compared to alternative investments. The project cannot fully buffer existing wind and solar fleets, which continue to rely on fossil‐fuel peaker plants for grid stability. Despite Australia's vast uranium resources and its role as a major uranium exporter, the country has committed to an expensive, high‐cost storage project whose policy justification may be questionable on techno‐economic grounds. While acknowledging the significant political, regulatory, and social barriers to nuclear deployment in Australia, this paper argues that the choice between nuclear baseload and pumped hydro storage warrants careful examination on critical infrastructure grounds: China builds real baseload nuclear for a fraction of the cost, while Australia subsidizes a project that has been subject to significant cost overruns and whose ability to secure reliable, zero‐carbon electricity is questionable. The analysis demonstrates that even when accounting for the distinct system roles of storage and generation, the scale of the Snowy 2.0 investment—approximately AUD 42 billion—merits comparison with alternative approaches to decarbonization, including nuclear baseload. Policy implications for national infrastructure planning are discussed as tentative considerations rather than definitive conclusions. 关键基础设施的投资决策必须在可靠性、成本和脱碳目标之间取得平衡。澳大利亚已投入420亿澳元用于“雪山2.0”(Snowy 2.0)抽水蓄能项目, 该项目装机容量为2.2吉瓦(GW), 储能容量为350吉瓦时(GWh), 往返效率为70%。相比之下, 中国以相当或更低的成本正在建设12.5吉瓦的核电基荷装机容量, 可提供约11.9吉瓦持续且可靠的电力。尽管人们公认抽水蓄能和核电基荷在电力系统中发挥着截然不同的作用——前者提供灵活性和电网平衡能力, 后者提供稳定的可调度发电能力——但将两者进行比较是合理的, 因为它们的资本投资规模相当, 且都服务于脱碳这一共同政策目标, 同时也涉及将巨额资金投入单一项目所带来的机会成本问题。从完整的充放电周期来看, “雪山2.0”项目实际上是电力的净消耗者, 其平均基荷供电能力仅为约0.9吉瓦, 仅相当于同等规模核电投资产出的7.5%。这种固有的低效性并非抽水蓄能独有的弱点;事实上, 所有往返效率低于100%的储能系统在一个完整周期内都会净消耗电力。核心政策问题在于, 与其他投资方案相比, “雪山2.0”是否是实现电网稳定和脱碳的最具成本效益的途径。该项目无法完全消纳现有的风能和太阳能发电装机, 这些可再生能源仍需依赖化石燃料调峰电厂来维持电网稳定。尽管澳大利亚拥有丰富的铀矿资源且是主要的铀出口国, 却选择了一个昂贵且高成本的储能项目, 而该项目在技术经济层面的政策合理性值得商榷。本文在承认澳大利亚部署核电面临重大政治、监管和社会障碍的同时, 主张应从关键基础设施的角度, 审慎评估核电基荷与抽水蓄能之间的选择:中国以极低的成本建设了真正的核电基荷设施, 而澳大利亚却在补贴一个成本严重超支且能否确保可靠、零碳电力供应存疑的项目。分析表明, 即便考虑到储能与发电在系统中的不同角色, “雪山2.0”项目约420亿澳元的投资规模, 也值得与包括核电基荷在内的其他脱碳方案进行比较。文中探讨了该项目对国家基础设施规划的政策启示, 这些探讨仅作为初步考量, 而非确切结论。 Las decisiones de inversión en infraestructura crítica deben equilibrar la fiabilidad, el coste y la descarbonización. Australia ha destinado 42.000 millones de dólares australianos a Snowy 2.0, un proyecto de almacenamiento hidroeléctrico por bombeo que proporciona 2,2 GW de energía con 350 GWh de almacenamiento y una eficiencia de ciclo completo del 70%. Por un coste similar o inferior, China está construyendo 12,5 GW de capacidad de carga base nuclear, que proporciona aproximadamente 11,9 GW de energía continua y fiable. Se reconoce que el almacenamiento hidroeléctrico por bombeo y la carga base nuclear cumplen funciones fundamentalmente diferentes dentro de un sistema eléctrico: el almacenamiento proporciona flexibilidad y equilibrio de la red, mientras que la energía nuclear proporciona generación firme y gestionable. Sin embargo, la comparación se justifica por la escala comparable de la inversión de capital y el objetivo político compartido de descarbonización, así como por el coste de oportunidad de destinar una suma tan grande a un solo proyecto. Snowy 2.0 es un consumidor neto de electricidad durante un ciclo completo de carga y descarga y solo puede suministrar unos 0,9 GW de carga base promedio, apenas el 7,5% de la producción de una inversión nuclear equivalente. Esta ineficiencia inherente no es una debilidad exclusiva de la energía hidroeléctrica de bombeo: todos los sistemas de almacenamiento con una eficiencia de ciclo completo inferior al 100% son consumidores netos de electricidad durante un ciclo completo. La cuestión política central es si Snowy 2.0 representa la forma más rentable de lograr la estabilidad de la red y la descarbonización en comparación con otras inversiones. El proyecto no puede compensar completamente las flotas eólicas y solares existentes, que siguen dependiendo de las centrales de combustibles fósiles para la estabilidad de la red. A pesar de los vastos recursos de uranio de Australia y su papel como importante exportador de uranio, el país se ha comprometido con un proyecto de almacenamiento costoso y de alto costo cuya justificación política puede ser cuestionable desde el punto de vista técnico‐económico. Si bien se reconocen las importantes barreras políticas, regulatorias y sociales para el despliegue nuclear en Australia, este documento argumenta que la elección entre la energía nuclear de base y el almacenamiento hidroeléctrico de bombeo justifica un examen cuidadoso desde el punto de vista de la infraestructura crítica: China construye centrales nucleares de base reales por una fracción del costo, mientras que Australia subsidia un proyecto que ha estado sujeto a importantes sobrecostos y cuya capacidad para garantizar electricidad confiable y con cero emisiones de carbono es cuestionable. El análisis demuestra que, incluso considerando las distintas funciones del sistema de almacenamiento y generación, la magnitud de la inversión en Snowy 2.0—aproximadamente 42 mil millones de dólares australianos—justifica la comparación con enfoques alternativos para la descarbonización, incluyendo la energía nuclear de base. Las implicaciones políticas para la planificación de la infraestructura nacional se discuten como consideraciones preliminares, más que como conclusiones definitivas.

Suggested Citation

  • Alberto Boretti, 2026. "A Question of Priorities: Nuclear Baseload Versus Pumped Hydro Storage—A Critical Infrastructure Policy Analysis of Australia's Snowy 2.0," Journal of Critical Infrastructure Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(2), March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:crtinf:v:7:y:2026:i:2:n:e70032
    DOI: 10.1002/jci3.70032
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/jci3.70032
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/jci3.70032?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:crtinf:v:7:y:2026:i:2:n:e70032. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)2693-3101 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.