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Hybrid Terrorism: Conceptual Considerations Applied to the Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Arctic

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  • Monika Gabriela Bartoszewicz
  • Jana Eliokwu‐Prochotska

Abstract

This article advances hybrid terrorism as a policy‐relevant analytical frame for understanding emerging threats to critical infrastructure under conditions of ambiguity and deniability. It argues that existing frameworks such as hybrid threats, hybrid warfare or state terrorism struggle to capture forms of coercion that deliberately target infrastructure through state‐enabled, plausibly deniable proxy activity operating below conventional thresholds of attribution and response. These gaps are particularly consequential in regions characterised by limited redundancy and high societal dependence on infrastructure, such as the High North. Drawing on a closed, cross‐sector workshop, the article synthesises practitioner insights through rapid thematic analysis. The findings cluster around three interrelated dimensions. Conceptually, participants highlighted persistent uncertainty and frustration with existing terminology when confronted with incidents combining cyber intrusion, physical sabotage and insider facilitation. Operationally, they identified recurring vulnerability classes, including tightly coupled physical–digital systems, insider access, supply‐chain exposure and low redundancy, alongside likely attack patterns characterised by dispersed disruption, difficult detection and resource exhaustion. At the governance level, participants emphasised how plausible deniability complicates attribution, coordination, public communication and accountability, exposing institutional seams that undermine effective infrastructure protection. The article argues that, while legally inexact, the hybrid terrorism frame helps link these dynamics and sharpen the diagnosis of infrastructure‐targeted coercion. While grounded in the Arctic context, the insights developed here hold relevance far beyond the High North, offering a transferable orientation for anticipating and mitigating deniable forms of coercion wherever societies depend on complex, interdependent infrastructures. 本文提出“混合恐怖主义”这一概念, 并将其作为理解在模糊性和可否认性条件下关键基础设施面临的新兴威胁的政策相关分析框架。本文指出, 现有的混合威胁、混合战争或国家恐怖主义等框架难以描述那些通过国家支持、易于否认的代理活动蓄意攻击基础设施的胁迫形式, 这些活动往往低于传统的归因和应对阈值。在基础设施冗余度低、社会高度依赖基础设施的地区 (例如北半球), 这些缺陷尤为严重。本文基于一次封闭式跨部门研讨会, 通过快速主题分析综合了实践者的见解。研究结果围绕三个相互关联的维度展开。在概念层面, 与会者强调, 在面对结合了网络入侵、物理破坏和内部人员协助的事件时, 现有术语仍然存在不确定性和局限性。在操作层面, 他们识别出反复出现的脆弱性类别, 包括紧密耦合的物理‐数字系统、内部人员访问、供应链暴露和低冗余度, 以及可能出现的攻击模式, 这些模式的特征是分散性破坏、难以检测和资源耗尽。在治理层面, 参与者强调了可信的否认如何使归因、协调、公共传播和问责变得复杂, 暴露了“削弱有效基础设施保护”的制度漏洞。本文认为, 尽管混合恐怖主义框架在法律上并不精确, 但它有助于将这些动态联系起来, 并更准确地诊断针对基础设施的胁迫行为。虽然本文以北极为背景, 但其提出的见解远不止于北极地区, 为预测和减轻任何依赖复杂、相互依存的基础设施的社会中存在的可信胁迫形式提供了一种可推广的指导方针。 Este artículo propone el terrorismo híbrido como un marco analítico relevante para la formulación de políticas, que permite comprender las amenazas emergentes a la infraestructura crítica en condiciones de ambigüedad y negación. Argumenta que los marcos existentes, como amenazas híbridas, guerra híbrida o terrorismo de Estado, tienen dificultades para abarcar las formas de coerción que atacan deliberadamente la infraestructura mediante actividades indirectas, habilitadas por el Estado y plausiblemente negables, que operan por debajo de los umbrales convencionales de atribución y respuesta. Estas deficiencias son particularmente importantes en regiones caracterizadas por una redundancia limitada y una alta dependencia social de la infraestructura, como el Alto Norte. A partir de un taller intersectorial cerrado, el artículo sintetiza las perspectivas de los profesionales mediante un análisis temático rápido. Los hallazgos se agrupan en torno a tres dimensiones interrelacionadas. Conceptualmente, los participantes destacaron la persistente incertidumbre y frustración con la terminología existente al enfrentarse a incidentes que combinan intrusión cibernética, sabotaje físico y facilitación interna. Operacionalmente, identificaron clases de vulnerabilidad recurrentes, incluyendo sistemas físico‐digitales estrechamente acoplados, acceso interno, exposición de la cadena de suministro y baja redundancia, junto con patrones de ataque probables caracterizados por interrupciones dispersas, detección difícil y agotamiento de recursos. A nivel de gobernanza, los participantes enfatizaron cómo la negación plausible complica la atribución, la coordinación, la comunicación pública y la rendición de cuentas, exponiendo fisuras institucionales que socavan la protección efectiva de la infraestructura. El artículo sostiene que, si bien es jurídicamente impreciso, el marco del terrorismo híbrido ayuda a vincular estas dinámicas y a precisar el diagnóstico de la coerción dirigida a la infraestructura. Aunque se basa en el contexto ártico, las ideas desarrolladas aquí son relevantes mucho más allá del Ártico, ofreciendo una orientación transferible para anticipar y mitigar formas de coerción negables en cualquier lugar donde las sociedades dependan de infraestructuras complejas e interdependientes.

Suggested Citation

  • Monika Gabriela Bartoszewicz & Jana Eliokwu‐Prochotska, 2026. "Hybrid Terrorism: Conceptual Considerations Applied to the Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Arctic," Journal of Critical Infrastructure Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 7(2), March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:crtinf:v:7:y:2026:i:2:n:e70028
    DOI: 10.1002/jci3.70028
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