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The geography of economic mobility in 19th‐century Canada

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  • Luiza Antonie
  • Kris Inwood
  • Chris Minns
  • Fraser Summerfield

Abstract

This paper uses linked Census records from 1871 to 1901 to compute intergenerational mobility for Canadian regions and census divisions. The results reveal sharp differences in mobility over space: Ontario featured high relative and absolute mobility, Quebec low relative and absolute mobility and the Maritimes low absolute mobility. Local differences in human capital endowments and labour market inequality are correlated with division mobility patterns but do not account for regional differences, where migration and structural change toward industry and services appear important. Comparing spatial patterns of Canadian mobility in the 19th century to today shows substantial changes for Quebec districts. La géographie de la mobilité économique dans le Canada du 19e siècle. Cet article utilise des dossiers de recensement appariés de 1871 à 1901 pour mesurer la mobilité intergénérationnelle dans les régions et divisions de recensement canadiens. Les résultats révèlent de fortes disparités géographiques : l'Ontario présente une mobilité relative et absolue élevée, le Québec une mobilité relative et absolue faible, et les provinces maritimes une faible mobilité absolue. Les écarts locaux en capital humain et les inégalités du marché du travail sont en corrélation avec les profils de mobilité des divisions, mais ne suffisent pas à expliquer les différences régionales, où les migrations et les transformations structurelles vers l'industrie et les services semblent jouer un rôle central. La comparaison entre les profils géographiques de la mobilité au 19e siècle et ceux d'aujourd'hui met en évidence des changements importants dans les districts du Québec.

Suggested Citation

  • Luiza Antonie & Kris Inwood & Chris Minns & Fraser Summerfield, 2026. "The geography of economic mobility in 19th‐century Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 59(2), pages 747-773, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:59:y:2026:i:2:p:747-773
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.70058
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