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Trade policy uncertainty, organization of firms, and the form of international trade

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  • Felix Fosu

Abstract

This paper investigates the hypothesis that lower trade policy uncertainty (TPU) reduces the share of intrafirm trade in total trade. A significant change in US‐China TPU occurred in 2001 when China joined the WTO, providing a natural experiment to test this hypothesis. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach with industry‐level US data, I examine the trade effects of this change. The results indicate that the reduction in TPU between the US and China led to a significant increase in both US arm's‐length and intrafirm imports from China compared to pre‐WTO levels. Notably, the effect of TPU on arm's‐length trade is approximately twice that on intrafirm trade, with the disparity largely attributed to sunk costs. A simple model of production location and ownership choice under policy uncertainty provides a conceptual framework for understanding these findings. Incertitude liée à la politique commerciale, organisation des entreprises et forme du commerce international Cet article se penche sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle une faible incertitude en matière de politique commerciale (TPU) réduit la part du commerce intrasociété dans les échanges commerciaux totaux. Un changement important de la TPU entre les États‐Unis et la Chine s'est produit en 2001, lorsque cette dernière a adhéré à l'OMC, ce qui fournit une expérience naturelle pour tester cette hypothèse. À l'aide de la méthode des doubles différences appliquée aux données états‐uniennes à l'échelle des industries, j'examine les effets de ce changement sur le commerce. Les résultats indiquent que la diminution de la TPU entre les États‐Unis et la Chine entraîne une hausse notable des importations états‐uniennes, tant en conditions de pleine concurrence que pour le commerce intrasociété, en provenance de la Chine par rapport aux niveaux observés avant l'adhésion de cette dernière à l'OMC. Notamment, l'effet de la TPU sur le commerce de pleine concurrence est environ deux fois plus important que celui sur le commerce intrasociété, cette disparité étant largement attribuée aux coûts irrécupérables. Un modèle simple de localisation de la production et de choix de la propriété en cas d'incertitude politique fournit un cadre conceptuel pour comprendre ces résultats.

Suggested Citation

  • Felix Fosu, 2026. "Trade policy uncertainty, organization of firms, and the form of international trade," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 59(2), pages 636-663, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:59:y:2026:i:2:p:636-663
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.70067
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