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Gender, Confidence, and the Mismeasure of Intelligence, Competitiveness, and Literacy

Author

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  • Glenn W. Harrison
  • Don Ross
  • J. Todd Swarthout

Abstract

The measurement of intelligence should identify and measure an individual’s subjective confidence that a response to a test question is correct. Existing measures do not do that, nor do they use extrinsic financial incentive for truthful responses. We rectify both issues and show that each matters for the measurement of intelligence, particularly for women. Our results on gender and confidence in the face of risk have wider applications in terms of the measurement of “competitiveness” and financial literacy. Contrary to received literature, women are more intelligent than men, compete when they should in risky settings, and are more literate.

Suggested Citation

  • Glenn W. Harrison & Don Ross & J. Todd Swarthout, 2026. "Gender, Confidence, and the Mismeasure of Intelligence, Competitiveness, and Literacy," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 134(2), pages 665-730.
    • Handle: RePEc:ucp:jpolec:doi:10.1086/738345
    DOI: 10.1086/738345
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