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The Effects of Banking Competition on Growth and Financial Stability: Evidence from the National Banking Era

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  • Mark Carlson
  • Sergio Correia
  • Stephan Luck

Abstract

How does banking competition affect credit provision and growth? How does it affect financial stability? In order to identify the causal effects of banking competition, we exploit a discontinuity in bank capital requirements during the nineteenth-century National Banking Era. We show that banks operating in markets with lower entry barriers extend more credit. The resulting credit expansion, in turn, is associated with additional real economic activity. However, banks in markets with lower entry barriers also take more risk and are more likely to default. Thus, we provide causal evidence that banking competition can cause both growth and financial instability.

Suggested Citation

  • Mark Carlson & Sergio Correia & Stephan Luck, 2022. "The Effects of Banking Competition on Growth and Financial Stability: Evidence from the National Banking Era," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 130(2), pages 462-520.
    • Handle: RePEc:ucp:jpolec:doi:10.1086/717453
    DOI: 10.1086/717453
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    Cited by:

    1. Xu, Chenzi & Yang, He, 2024. "Real effects of supplying safe private money," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    2. Berger, Allen N. & Boot, Arnoud W.A., 2024. "Financial intermediation services and competition analyses: Review and paths forward for improvement," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    3. Buch, Claudia M. & Eickmeier, Sandra & Prieto, Esteban, 2022. "Banking deregulation, macroeconomic dynamics and monetary policy," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    4. Liu, Xiaohua & Zhao, Qiuhan, 2024. "Banking competition, credit financing and the efficiency of corporate technology innovation," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    5. Liang, Yunjia & Zhou, Bo & Zhao, Shaoyang, 2024. "Risking or de-risking? The effect of banking competition on large state-owned banks and small and medium-sized enterprise lending: Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    6. Miguel Cantillo, 2023. "Imperfect bank competition, borrower adverse selection, and the transmission of monetary policy," Working Papers 202301, Universidad de Costa Rica, revised Mar 2023.
    7. Maximilian Grimm, 2024. "The Effect of Monetary Policy on Systemic Bank Funding Stability," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 341, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
    8. Duquerroy, Anna & Matray, Adrien & Saidi, Farzad, 2022. "Tracing Banks' Credit Allocation to their Funding Costs," CEPR Discussion Papers 17072, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    9. Marcella Lucchetta, 2024. "Welfare and bank risk-taking," Annals of Finance, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 239-258, June.
    10. Sergio A. Correia & Stephan Luck & Emil Verner, 2024. "Failing Banks," Staff Reports 1117, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    11. Wei, Qi & Zeng, Sheng & Tao, Qingmei, 2024. "Does bank competition improve borrower welfare? Evidence from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 1353-1368.
    12. Nirupama Kulkarni & Kanika Mahajan & S.K. Ritadhi, 2023. "Bank Branch Expansions and Capital Investment by Credit Constrained Firms," Working Papers 93, Ashoka University, Department of Economics.
    13. Thornton, John & Vasilakis, Chrysovalantis, 2023. "Bank regulations and surges and stops in credit: Panel evidence," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    14. Correia, Sergio & Luck, Stephan, 2023. "Digitizing historical balance sheet data: A practitioner’s guide," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    15. Dan Costin NIȚESCU & Cristian ANGHEL, 2022. "International banking, crises and strategic interests," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(2(631), S), pages 5-24, Summer.
    16. Lai, Shaojie & Chen, Lihan & Wang, Qing Sophie & Anderson, Hamish D., 2023. "Bank competition and corporate employment: Evidence from the geographic distribution of bank branches in China," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    17. Carlos Cañón & Jorge Florez-Acosta & Karoll Gómez, 2023. "The effects of two-way lending between financial conglomerates in bilateral repo markets," Borradores de Economia 1246, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    18. Luo, Deming & Kong, Junhao & Wei, Xu & Zhou, Mohan, 2024. "Banking competition and the effectiveness of environmental regulations: Evidence from China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 579-596.
    19. Wajahat Azmi & Zaheer Anwer & Mohsin Ali & Shamsher Mohamad, 2024. "Competition, stability, and institutional environment: The case of dual banking economies," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 609-631, January.

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