What's Missing in Environmental Self-Monitoring: Evidence from Strategic Shutdowns of Pollution Monitors

Regulators often rely on regulated entities to self-monitor compliance, creating strategic incentives for endogenous monitoring. This paper builds a framework to detect whether local governments skip air pollution monitoring when they expect air quality to deteriorate. The core of our method tests whether the timing of monitor shutdowns coincides with the counties' air quality alerts—public advisories based on local governments' own pollution forecasts. Applying the method to a monitor in Jersey City, New Jersey, suspected of a deliberate shutdown during the 2013 "Bridgegate" traffic jam, we find a 33% reduction of this monitor's sampling rate on pollution-alert days. Building on large-scale inference tools, we then apply the method to test more than 1,300 monitors across the United States, finding fourteen metropolitan areas with clusters of monitors showing similar strategic behavior. We assess geometric imputation and remote-sensing technologies as potential solutions to deter future strategic monitoring.