Insertion Internationale Et Transfert De Technologies : Les Cas Compares De La Turquie, De L'Inde Et De La Chine

Since the nineties, China, India and Turkey have followed different paths of integration in the international division of labor. China has become an assembly country, strongly integrated in the international segmentation of production processes in Asia. Most of China's imports of high technology products are parts and components and are incorporated into production for exports. By contrast, Turkey's high-tech imports consist mainly in capital goods, and correspond to a classical form of technology transfers, aimed at upgrading indigenous industrial capacities. Turkey's foreign trade is strongly concentrated on Europe. India is characterized by a limited participation in the international division of production processes and by a low level of high-tech imports. The opening up of the three economies has been accompanied by structural changes in their domestic industrial output. In the three countries a shift occurred away from textiles, towards electrical and electronic goods in China and Turkey and towards chemical industries in India. The case of these countries tends to show that there is no automatic link between the degree of openness and economic growth: according to most indicators, Turkey is the most open economy but also the one with the slowest economic growth over the last twenty years. China, which has followed a very selective trade liberalization, has recorded the highest rates of economic growth.