Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed-Methods Approaches in the Social Sciences: A Critical Reflection

The choice among qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches is one of the most consequential decisions in social science research because it determines how a problem is framed, what counts as evidence, and the kinds of conclusions that may legitimately be drawn. These approaches are often presented as rival methodological traditions, yet each rests upon distinct assumptions concerning social reality, knowledge, explanation, objectivity, and the relationship between the researcher and the researched. Qualitative research offers depth, context, and interpretive insight into lived experience, social meaning, institutional practice, identity, interaction, and power. Quantitative research provides the tools necessary for systematic measurement, comparison, hypothesis testing, statistical estimation, prediction, and, where supported by an appropriate design, causal inference and population-level generalisation. Mixed-methods research seeks to bring these strengths together by integrating numerical breadth with interpretive depth within a unified and purposeful inquiry. Such integration, however, cannot be achieved through the mere collection of both numerical and textual data; it requires deliberate connection, analytical coherence, and a clear justification for combining methods. This article argues that methodological quality should not be judged by loyalty to a particular tradition, but by the degree of alignment among the research problem, philosophical assumptions, research questions, design, sampling strategy, data collection, analytical procedures, ethical obligations, and conclusions. It further contends that qualitative and quantitative research should not be assessed through identical criteria, since they produce different forms of knowledge and rely upon different standards of methodological rigour. Methodological pluralism is therefore defensible only when it is theoretically grounded, transparently justified, and competently implemented. The most appropriate methodological approach is not the one considered universally superior, prestigious, or fashionable, but the one capable of producing the most credible, relevant, and ethically responsible understanding of the social problem under investigation.