A Comparative Study on the Impact of Fasting on Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure Among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals During Ramadan, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Objective: The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the differential effects of regular and fasting dietary patterns on blood glucose levels and blood pressure among diabetic patients and non-diabetic control group. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to compare physiological responses on fasting versus non-fasting days during the holy Ramadan month. Methods: This observational study involved 92 participants, with a subset of 38 diabetic patients and 54 non-diabetic control group, aged 19-76 years, who were observed on regular and fasting days. Participants were monitored for pre-prandial, postprandial, evening blood sugar, and fasting blood glucose levels, as well as blood pressure. Statistical analysis was performed using paired sample t-tests to compare mean ± SD between regular and fasting days of both groups. The study cohort consisted of male and female adults diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Exclusion criteria included individuals under 18 years, pregnant women, and patients unable to fast during the study period. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in fasting blood glucose levels during Ramadan compared to non-fasting days. In the diabetic group, significant changes were observed in fasting blood glucose levels during Ramadan compared to after Ramadan ( postprandial blood sugar p=0.04, evening blood sugar p=0.019). In contrast, the non-diabetic group also showed significant changes in blood glucose levels during Ramadan compared to after Ramadan (postprandial blood sugar p=0.001, evening blood sugar p=0.020). Blood pressure showed no significant differences between these periods, suggesting that fasting does not alter blood pressure significantly in diabetic individuals. Additionally, a two-way ANOVA demonstrated significant dietary influences on post-Iftar glucose levels in non-diabetics (p