Agricultural Terracing and Land Tenure in Late Medieval Southern Levant: The Case of Nahal Ein Karim, Jerusalem

Recent research into agricultural terrace systems across the Jerusalem Highlands, has revealed a significant pattern: the majority of terraces were constructed within the past 700 years, during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. The motivation for building terrace systems, a labour-intensive endeavour requiring significant long-term investment, appears to be associated with land management policies. This study set out to test this hypothesis, by focusing on the terrace system at Nahal (wadi) Ein-Karim, Jerusalem, and the adjacent site of Khirbet Beit-Mazmil. The study employed portable OSL (POSL) profiling of sediments and OSL dating of the terraces and other related features, alongside archival document analysis. A key element of this study was the examining and dating of plot fences, which serve as tangible representation of shifts in land tenure. The utilisation of POSL profiling facilitated comprehension of their sedimentation dynamics and aided in identifying the optimal sampling approach for OSL dating. The findings highlight a direct link between land endowment practices and terrace construction, particularly evident from the fourteenth century CE onwards. This interdisciplinary approach contributes to our understanding of agricultural terracing dynamics, shedding light on the intricate interplay between land tenure systems, socio-economic factors, and landscape modification practices in the Late-Medieval Southern-Levant.