The design of a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network optimisation considering the emergency response capability of manufacturers under emergencies

Environmental challenges and frequent emergencies necessitate incorporating sustainability and emergency capacity into supply chain designs. High obsolescence and non-biodegradability of household appliances have garnered significant attention. Considering impacts of Manufacturer's Emergency Capacity (MEC), Carbon Tax Rates (Tax), and Price Differential Index (PVI) between new and remanufactured products on supply chain networks, a mixed-integer programming model is established and applied to the Sustainable Closed-Loop Supply Chain (SCLSC) design in household appliances manufacturing industry, aiming to optimise total cost minimisation, carbon emission minimisation, and social benefit maximisation. The model enhances the recovery and reuse of resources, while improving the Level of Network Cooperative Emergency Capability (ε) to effectively address emergencies. Triangular fuzzy numbers are used to handle uncertain parameters and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) algorithm to solve the model. Comparative analysis is conducted to assess the model's effectiveness with and without MEC inclusion. Sensitivity analyses are also performed on Tax, ε, and demand, and the influence of different PVI is discussed. Results indicate that these factors are crucial. This research contributes to the sustainable development and emergency capabilities of household appliances manufacturing industry, supporting government environmental policy formulation, SCLSC entity emergency strategy implementation, and decision-making by household appliances manufacturers.