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How a millennium-long interplay of controlling climate factors over Southern Europe (1054–2020 CE) has driven the downward trend in Eastern Po Plain water reserves

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  • Nazzareno Diodato
  • Fausto Tomei
  • Gianni Bellocchi

Abstract

Groundwater can unveil climate signals and improve long-term reconstructions, but historical studies often overlook groundwater depth due to lack of data. This study presents the longest annual groundwater depth time series in southern Europe (1054–2020 CE) from a relatively deep aquifer in the Eastern Po Plain, northern Italy. The record links groundwater depth oscillations around its mean value (−147 cm ±19 standard deviation) to Atlantic climate patterns and water balance. A significant downward trend after about 1606 indicates a depletion of regional water reserves and underlines the need to strengthen groundwater management to address potentially worsening drought trends in southern Europe.

Suggested Citation

  • Nazzareno Diodato & Fausto Tomei & Gianni Bellocchi, 2025. "How a millennium-long interplay of controlling climate factors over Southern Europe (1054–2020 CE) has driven the downward trend in Eastern Po Plain water reserves," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(6), pages 560-582, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rwinxx:v:50:y:2025:i:6:p:560-582
    DOI: 10.1080/02508060.2025.2497216
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