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Internal Migration in Eastern and Western Germany: Convergence or Divergence of Spatial Trends after Unification?

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  • Franz-Josef Kemper

Abstract

Kemper F.-J. (2004) Internal migration in eastern and western Germany: convergence or divergence of spatial trends after unification?, Regional Studies38, 659-678. Before unification, internal migration systems in East and West Germany were different. Whereas the East had been characterized by urbanization, in the West intra- as well as interregional deconcentration had been important migration trends. At the time of the 'Wende' (political turn), these trends were upset by dominating East-West flows. This paper explores whether spatial migration patterns in both parts of Germany show convergent developments during the 1990s and whether earlier patterns of deconcentration in the old states again come to the fore. Important contexts for internal migrations are represented by developments of regional labour markets and housing markets, which are outlined for eastern and western Germany. It is shown that instances of convergence can be found for East-West and West-East migration and for suburbanization. This is followed by renewed divergence at the end of the decade. However, the position of rural regions in the migration patterns is still very different. Whereas the spatial gradient of disparities in the new states corresponds to a gradient from agglomerations to rural areas, with low economic and social status in the rural periphery, in western Germany many rural regions are in a favourable position. Kemper F.-J. (2004) La migration dans l'est et dans l'ouest de l'Allemagne d'apres l'unification: s'agit-il de la convergence ou de la divergence des tendances spatiales?, Regional Studies38, 659-678. Avant l'unification, les systemes de migration interne dans l'Allemagne de l'Est et de l'Ouest se distinguaient. Tandis que l'Est se caracterisait par l'urbanisation, la deconcentration intraregionale ainsi qu'interregionale s'etaient averees d'importantes tendances a la migration dans l'Ouest. Au moment de la 'Wende' (le revirement politique), ces tendances etaient affectees par des flux Est-Ouest dominants. Cet article cherche a examiner si, oui ou non, la structure de la migration spatiale dans les deux parties de l'Allemagne laisse voir un mouvement vers la convergence dans les annees 1990 et si, oui ou non, la structure precedente de la deconcentration dans les anciens etats revient au devant de la scene. Le developpement des marches du travail et immobiliers regionaux fournit d'importants contextes pour la migration interne et est esquisse pour l'est et pour l'ouest de l'Allemagne. On demontre que des preuves de la convergence sont a noter en faveur de la migration Est-Ouest et Ouest-Est, et du developpement de la banlieue. Cela est suivi d' une divergence renouvelee a la fin de la decennie. Cependant, la situation des zones rurales quant a la structure de la migration reste toujours tres differente. Alors que le classement geographique des ecarts entre les nouveaux etats correspond a un classement qui va des agglomerations aux zones rurales, d'ou une situation economique et sociale de bas rang pour ce qui est de la peripherie rurale, beaucoup des regions rurales situees dans l'ouest de l'Allemagne sont bien placees. Kemper F.-J. (2004) Binnenwanderung im ostlichen und westlichen Deutschland: Konvergenz oder Divergenz raumlicher Tendenzen nach der Wiedervereinigung?, Regional Studies38, 659-678. Vor der Wiedervereinigung unterschieden sich die Systeme der Binnenwanderung in Ost-und Westdeutschland von einander. Wahrend der Osten durch Binnenwanderung charakterisiert war, hatten sich im Westen sowohl intra- als auch interegionale Dezentralisierung als wichtige Wanderungstendenz herausgestellt. Zur Zeit der Wende wurden diese Tendenzen durch vorherrschende Stromungen von Ost nach West unterbrochen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht, ob die Muster ramlicher Wanderung in den neunziger Jahren in beiden Teilen Deutschland konvergente Entwicklungen aufwiesen, und ob sich in den alten Landern fruhere Muster der Dezentralisierung wieder durchsetzen.Wichtige Zusammenhange fur Binnenwanderung werden durch Entwicklungen auf ortlichen Arbeits-und Wohnungsmarkten dargestellt, die hier fur das ostliche und das westliche Deutschland umrissen werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass Beispiele der Konvergenz fur Ost-West und West-Ostwanderung und fur Suburbanisierung angefuhrt werden konnen. Dem folgt eine erneute Divergenz zu Ende des Jahrzehnts. Die Stellung der landlichen Regionen in den Wanderungsmustern ist jedoch weiterhin ganz anders. Wahrend das raumliche Gefalle von Ungleichheiten in den neuen Landern dem von Ballungsgebieten zu landlichen Gebieten in Ostdeutschland einem geringem wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Status an der landlichen Peripherie entspricht, erfreuen sich in Westdeutschland viele landliche Gebiete einer durchaus gunstigen Stellung. Kemper F.-J. (2004) Migracion interna en la Alemania del Este y del Oeste: convergencia o divergencia en las tendecias espaciales despues de la unificacion?, Regional Studies38, 659-678. Antes de la unificacion, los sistemas de migracion interna en la Alemania del Este y del Oeste eran diferentes. Mientras que la del Este se habia caracterizado por la urbanizacion, en la del Oeste la desconcentracion intra- e interregional habian sido tendencias migratorias importantes. Durante el periodo del 'Wende' (giro politico) estas tendencias se vieron alteradas por flujos dominantes Este-Oeste. Este articulo explora si los patrones migratorios espaciales en ambas partes de Alemania muestran desarrollos convergentes durante los anos 90 y si los patrones anteriores de desconcentracion en los viejos estados vuelven a destacar otra vez. Se representan contextos importantes para la migracion interna por medio de desarrollos en los mercados laborales regionales y en los mercados de vivienda, los cuales se muestran tanto para la Alemania del Este y del Oeste. Se muestra que se pueden encontrar instancias de convergencia para la migracion Este-Oeste y Oeste- Este y para la suburbanizacion. A esto le sigue una renovada divergencia al final de la decada. Sin embargo, la posicion de las regiones rurales en los patrones migratorios es todavia muy diferente. Mientras que el gradiante espacial de las disparidades en los nuevos estados se corresponde con un gradiante derivado de las aglomeraciones a areas rurales, con un estado social y economico bajo en la periferia rural, en la Alemania del Oeste muchas regiones rurales se encuentran en una posicion favorable.

Suggested Citation

  • Franz-Josef Kemper, 2004. "Internal Migration in Eastern and Western Germany: Convergence or Divergence of Spatial Trends after Unification?," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(6), pages 659-678.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:38:y:2004:i:6:p:659-678
    DOI: 10.1080/003434042000240969
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Alm Bastian & Engel Dirk & Weyh Antje, 2014. "Does Switching to a Western German Employer Still Pay Off?: An Analysis for Eastern Germany," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 234(5), pages 546-571, October.
    2. Fuchs, Michaela & Weyh, Antje, 2016. "Rückwanderung von Beschäftigten nach Sachsen-Anhalt : Eine Analyse anhand der Beschäftigten-Historik des IAB," IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 201601, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    3. Hans-Friedrich Eckey & Reinhold Kosfeld & Matthias Türck, 2007. "Regional Convergence in Germany: a Geographically Weighted Regression Approach," Spatial Economic Analysis, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 45-64.
    4. Frank Goetzke & Tilmann Rave, 2013. "Migration in Germany," International Regional Science Review, , vol. 36(2), pages 167-182, April.
    5. Herman J Bierens & Thomas Kontuly, 2008. "Testing the Regional Restructuring Hypothesis in Western Germany," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 40(7), pages 1713-1727, July.
    6. Kubis, Alexander & Schneider, Lutz, 2007. "Determinants of Female Migration – The Case of German NUTS 3 Regions," IWH Discussion Papers 12/2007, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    7. Michaela Fuchs & Antje Weyh, 2016. "Rückwanderung von Beschäftigten nach Ostdeutschland: Räumliche Muster undsoziodemographische Strukturen," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 23(03), pages 19-27, June.
    8. Lehmer, Florian & Ludsteck, Johannes, 2008. "The returns to job mobility and inter-regional migration," IAB-Discussion Paper 200806, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    9. Michaela Fuchs & Antje Weyh, 2015. "Return migration to East Germany: Spatial patterns and the relevance for regional labor markets," ERSA conference papers ersa15p835, European Regional Science Association.
    10. Florian Lehmer & Joachim MOLler, 2008. "Group-specific Effects of Inter-regional Mobility on Earnings - A Microdata Analysis for Germany," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(5), pages 657-674.
    11. David Maddison & Katrin Rehdanz, 2007. "Are Regional Differences in Utility Eliminated over Time?: Evidence from Germany," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 16, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    12. Fuchs, Michaela & Weyh, Antje, 2016. "Rückwanderung von Beschäftigten nach Thüringen : eine Analyse anhand der Beschäftigten-Historik des IAB," IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 201602, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    13. Paula Prenzel, 2021. "Are old regions less attractive? Interregional labour migration in a context of population ageing," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 100(6), pages 1429-1447, December.
    14. David J. Maddison & Katrin Rehdanz, 2007. "Happiness Over Space And Time," Working Papers FNU-128, Research unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University, revised Feb 2007.

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