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Small states’ diplomacies: changes in women’s descriptive representation in the Baltic states’ foreign services (1991–2021)

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  • Ausra Park
  • Gerda Jakstaite-Confortola

Abstract

By tracing gender inequality in the top leadership positions in the Baltic Ministries of Foreign Affairs and at ambassadorial levels over the past 30 years, this article provides the first historical and empirical comparison of women’s representation in the three Baltic foreign services, identifying where women have been and are presently positioned. Our examination also reveals patterns in how the Baltic diplomatic corps’ composition has changed over time, and where and why change is not visible. This empirical research draws on unique datasets collected by the authors of all Baltic ambassadorial appointments for the 1991–2021 period.

Suggested Citation

  • Ausra Park & Gerda Jakstaite-Confortola, 2025. "Small states’ diplomacies: changes in women’s descriptive representation in the Baltic states’ foreign services (1991–2021)," Journal of Baltic Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(3), pages 575-598, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rbalxx:v:56:y:2025:i:3:p:575-598
    DOI: 10.1080/01629778.2024.2406220
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