Access to water in developing countries: four options for provision and regulation in the water sector

Water plays a central role in the life of society. However, factors such as population growth, pollution and poor allotment and distribution mechanisms place severe pressures on adequate and equitable water supply. The principle of universal and consistent access to clean water is a key part of the Millennium Development Goals and a major component of the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. Provision of water has to be efficient, sustainable, accessible and affordable for all - especially in developing countries. The water issue arises from the capacity of governments to expand water networks and maintain or improve infrastructure in order to supply water to their citizens and particularly to their most marginalised populations. In response, the discussion here contributes to the debate about whether and how water should and can be provided by governments only or with private and social sector participation. Four options are addressed, with a significant conclusion being that private sector participation in water provision necessitates rigorous public regulation to enforce standards and ensure adequate and affordable access to water resources.