Skills and competencies for operating maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS): a systematic review and bibliometric analysis

The emergence of autonomous ships brings a significant transformation, offering operational efficiencies and environmental sustainability through the implementation of intelligent systems. This transition, however, introduces intricate challenges, particularly related to human-machine interaction, highlighting the crucial role of maritime education and training institutions in equipping the future maritime workforce with appropriate skills and competencies. This paper presents a systematic review and bibliometric analysis to offer a comprehensive exploration of the skills and competencies required for the future of autonomous shipping. The skills framework derived from the literature provides a holistic view of the competencies required for the successful operation of maritime autonomous surface ships, encompassing technical and digital proficiency, operational and managerial competencies, higher-order thinking skills, and interpersonal skills. The findings of this study have significant implications for the future of maritime education and training, workforce development, and policymaking. The identified skills framework serves as a foundation for curriculum development and training program design, emphasising the need for a hybrid approach that balances traditional seafaring skills with emerging competencies. The study underscores the importance of lifelong learning, adaptability, and collaboration as key enablers for navigating the complexities of autonomous shipping.