Farm advisors’ perspectives on barriers and opportunities for wetland creation – the view from Sweden

Farm advisors are important knowledge transfer agents for improving rural sustainability. Most literature focuses on their role in improving farm economies, but they can also promote greater environmental sustainability. Across Europe, most natural wetlands have been drained, impacting multiple ecosystem services (ES) including biodiversity support and nutrient retention, highlighting the need for increased restoration and creation efforts. In Sweden, these efforts depend on voluntary landowner actions. We interviewed farm advisors to learn how they encourage landowners to create and manage wetlands and the institutional barriers they still encounter. Advisors highlighted trust and long-term relationships as key success factors and considering landowner motivations that often prioritize recreational and cultural ES. Advisors noted overly complex bureaucracy, breaks in funding, inadequate long-term support, and lack of holistic perspectives as barriers for wetland creation. These insights about successful advisor/landowner interactions for wetland creation can be applied when implementing other agri-environmental measures.