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From tribal to the middle class: redefining leadership, strategy and ideological transformation in Balochistan insurgency

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  • Shiraz Shaikh

Abstract

Baloch militant landscape has undergone massive transformation. The insurgency that began as an attempt by tribal chiefs to garner geopolitical concessions now exhibits elements of urbanized insurgency. With tribal leaders currently having negligible influence over the insurgency, it is being waged by middle class. The new insurgent class has made greater inroads into the urban centres, and have also made tactical alliances with non-secular forces to achieve its objectives. Despite ideological opposition, Baloch insurgents have replicated various terrorist tactics. With the current insurgency completely exhibiting distinct characteristics with more lethal resources, the state forces face a far more complex challenge.

Suggested Citation

  • Shiraz Shaikh, 2026. "From tribal to the middle class: redefining leadership, strategy and ideological transformation in Balochistan insurgency," Small Wars and Insurgencies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(1), pages 109-134, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:37:y:2026:i:1:p:109-134
    DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2025.2562684
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