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Carbon Disclosure, Contextual Factors, and Information Asymmetry: The Case of Physical Risk Reporting

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  • Frank Schiemann
  • Alice Sakhel

Abstract

The paper focusses on the reporting of climate change-related physical risks. Drawing on data from the CDP questionnaire for 717 European companies over three years (2011–2013) we find that information asymmetry is generally smaller when firms report about their physical risks. Furthermore, we find that reporting of a higher exposure to physical risks is associated with lower information asymmetry for firms falling under the regulation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, whereas for other firms the direction of the relationship reverses. We can rule out that our results are driven by other climate change-related risk disclosures and by disclosures about opportunities arising from climate change. This study is not only relevant because it attests the materiality of climate change-related physical risks. Moreover, we show how a contextual factor – in this study: whether a company falls under climate change-related regulation – moderates the direction of the relationship between reported information and information asymmetry.

Suggested Citation

  • Frank Schiemann & Alice Sakhel, 2019. "Carbon Disclosure, Contextual Factors, and Information Asymmetry: The Case of Physical Risk Reporting," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(4), pages 791-818, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:euract:v:28:y:2019:i:4:p:791-818
    DOI: 10.1080/09638180.2018.1534600
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    Cited by:

    1. Callan Harker & Maureen Hassall & Paul Lant & Nikodem Rybak & Paul Dargusch, 2022. "What Can Machine Learning Teach Us about Australian Climate Risk Disclosures?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Alexander Bassen & Daniel Buchholz & Kerstin Lopatta & Anna R. Rudolf, 2024. "Biodiversity management and stock price crash risk," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(5), pages 4788-4805, July.
    3. Addisu A. Lashitew, 2021. "Corporate uptake of the Sustainable Development Goals: Mere greenwashing or an advent of institutional change?," Journal of International Business Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 4(1), pages 184-200, March.
    4. Xing, Chao & Zhang, Yuming & Tripe, David, 2021. "Green credit policy and corporate access to bank loans in China: The role of environmental disclosure and green innovation," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    5. Melloni, Gaia, 2020. "Climate change reporting: a commentary on key issues," Die Unternehmung - Swiss Journal of Business Research and Practice, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, vol. 74(3), pages 312-323.
    6. Shan Zhou, 2022. "Reporting and Assurance of Climate‐Related and Other Sustainability Information: A Review of Research and Practice," Australian Accounting Review, CPA Australia, vol. 32(3), pages 315-333, September.
    7. Dong Ding & Bin Liu & Millicent Chang, 2023. "Carbon Emissions and TCFD Aligned Climate-Related Information Disclosures," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 182(4), pages 967-1001, February.
    8. Christoph M. Schmidt & Andreas Löschel & Karen Pittel & Christoph Bals & Audrey Mathieu & Sonja Peterson & Wilfried Rickels & Stefanie Berendsen & Ingmar Jürgens & Veronika Grimm & Sabine Schlacke & H, 2020. "European Green Deal – Bottlenecks bis 2030," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 73(06), pages 03-37, June.
    9. Yongming Zhu & Lanxiao Niu & Zheyun Zhao & Jing Li, 2022. "The Tripartite Evolution Game of Environmental Governance under the Intervention of Central Government," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, May.
    10. Jiang, Yan & Luo, Le & Xu, JianFeng & Shao, XiaoRui, 2021. "The value relevance of corporate voluntary carbon disclosure: Evidence from the United States and BRIC countries," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(3).
    11. Gostlow, Glen, 2020. "The materiality and measurement of physical climate risk: evidence from Form 8-K," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 107045, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    12. Ayman Hassan Bazhair & Saleh F. A. Khatib & Hamzeh Al Amosh, 2022. "Taking Stock of Carbon Disclosure Research While Looking to the Future: A Systematic Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-24, October.
    13. Schiemann, Frank & Tietmeyer, Raphael, 2022. "ESG Controversies, ESG Disclosure and Analyst Forecast Accuracy," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    14. Fan, Hanlu & Tang, Qingliang & Pan, Lipeng, 2021. "An international study of carbon information asymmetry and independent carbon assurance," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 53(1).
    15. Charl de Villiers & Jing Jia & Zhongtian Li, 2022. "Corporate social responsibility: A review of empirical research using Thomson Reuters Asset4 data," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(4), pages 4523-4568, December.
    16. Qingxia (Jenny) Wang, 2023. "Financial effects of carbon risk and carbon disclosure: A review," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 63(4), pages 4175-4219, December.
    17. Michele Gendelsky de Oliveira & Graça Azevedo & Jonas Oliveira, 2021. "The Relationship between the Company’s Value and the Tone of the Risk-Related Narratives: The Case of Portugal," Economies, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-28, May.
    18. Yevheniia Antoniuk, 2023. "The effect of climate disclosure on stock market performance: Evidence from Norway," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2), pages 1008-1026, April.
    19. Düsterhöft, Maximilian & Schiemann, Frank & Walther, Thomas, 2023. "Let’s talk about risk! Stock market effects of risk disclosure for European energy utilities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).

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