Collaborative design of landscape and lighting to improve visitors’ satisfaction with nightscapes

Visitors’ satisfaction with the nightscapes of urban green spaces is currently poorly understood, with existing literature mainly focusing on visitors’ satisfaction with daytime landscapes. Moreover, the collaborative design of landscape and lighting—two important factors determining satisfaction—remains unclear. This study conducted surveys on visitors’ satisfaction with nightscapes through a comparative assessment referring to the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup Rules. Statistical analysis revealed that: (1) more open spaces, rich colours, and a higher brightness could improve visitors’ satisfaction with nightscapes, while dazzle lighting reduced it; (2) brightness was conducive to visitors’ satisfaction, while enhancing brightness reduced the capacity of a nightscape to uniformly support the four components of satisfaction; and (3) increasing vegetation coverage could enhance this capacity. These findings provide reliable evidence to guide collaborative design that simultaneously considers landscape characteristics and lighting features, which facilitates the improvement of visitors’ satisfaction with nightscapes.