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Measuring financial inclusion vulnerability and digital inclusion vulnerability among the widowed women in Odisha (India)

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  • Prakash Chandra Lenka
  • Rajesh Barik

Abstract

The study aims to measure the degree of financial and digital inclusion vulnerability among widowed women in Odisha. Using 240 sample respondents and applying the Standardised Composite Index method, this study constructs the Financial Inclusion Vulnerability Index (FIVI) and Digital Inclusion Vulnerability Index (DIVI) among the widowed respondents. The study finds that a higher number of widowed women have opened bank accounts in their name to receive their widowhood pension, but the usability of these accounts for saving and withdrawal purposes is very low, resulting in a moderate degree of financial inclusion among the sample respondents. Correspondingly, the DIVI findings reveal a high vulnerability to digital inclusion among widowed women. Factors like low income, inadequate digital literacy, difficulty grasping digital banking language, reluctance to embrace digital banking technologies, a lack of availability and accessibility of digital payment systems in the surrounding areas collectively contribute to higher digital vulnerability.

Suggested Citation

  • Prakash Chandra Lenka & Rajesh Barik, 2026. "Measuring financial inclusion vulnerability and digital inclusion vulnerability among the widowed women in Odisha (India)," Development in Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(3), pages 498-508, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:cdipxx:v:36:y:2026:i:3:p:498-508
    DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2025.2583482
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