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Fast and flawed: how emerging neurotechnologies can speed up and break down military decision-making processes

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  • Anna M. Gielas

Abstract

Significant advances in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) have drawn the attention of geopolitical actors. Countries like the United States and China are exploring these neurotechnologies to enhance military capabilities, including decision-making. U.S. defence leaders often invoke John Boyd's “observe-orient-decide-act” (OODA) loop to illustrate how BCIs and NIBS might enhance decision-making across all phases. This article adopts the opposite position, highlighting the challenges that could undermine the purported benefits. Drawing on neuroscientific and neurotechnological literature on BCIs and NIBS, the article examines these challenges in the context of each phase of the OODA loop. Additionally, it offers recommendations to better align neurotechnologies with human cognitive processes in high-stakes decision-making contexts. Ultimately, this article aims to encourage a more systematic and strategic approach to adopting neurotechnologies in military settings.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna M. Gielas, 2026. "Fast and flawed: how emerging neurotechnologies can speed up and break down military decision-making processes," Defense & Security Analysis, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(1), pages 59-82, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:cdanxx:v:42:y:2026:i:1:p:59-82
    DOI: 10.1080/14751798.2025.2524284
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