How to Build a Diverse Nation: Lessons from the Indonesian Experience

Building a cohesive nation-state amid deep ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity is a central challenge for many governments. This article examines the process of nation-building, drawing lessons from the remarkable experience of Indonesia over the past century. I discuss conceptual perspectives on nation-building and review Indonesia’s historical nation-building trajectory. I then synthesise insights from four studies exploring distinct policy interventions in Indonesia—population resettlement, administrative unit proliferation, land reform and mass schooling—to understand their effects on social cohesion and national integration. Together, these cases underscore the promise and pitfalls of nation-building efforts in diverse societies, offering guidance for future research and policy-making to support these endeavours in Indonesia and beyond.