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Shadow of the “ladder”: keju performance and social stability of China in the 18th Century

Author

Listed:
  • Xinyi Xu
  • Chang Xue

Abstract

The civil service examination system of ancient China, Keju system, is praised as an institution prompting social mobility and stability. This study investigates how the operation of this system, the performance of candidates affected social stability of China in the 18th century. By a model of ‘Rob-Fight’ Game, we prove how divergence between de jure and de facto power causes social instability. Using panel data of 260 prefectures during 1736–1795, we find more newly presented scholars (Jinshi) were associated with a higher frequency of homicides for sexual and marital affairs. Though we consider the concern about ranks of new scholars and law enforcement by law officers, our finding remains. Using the interaction of long-term fixed quota for successful candidates and total number of new scholars as the instrument, we show that our finding remains. The development of non-agricultural economy could impede such effects of Keju performance while the civil education played a trivial role.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinyi Xu & Chang Xue, 2026. "Shadow of the “ladder”: keju performance and social stability of China in the 18th Century," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(32), pages 6629-6644, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:58:y:2026:i:32:p:6629-6644
    DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2025.2523011
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