E-governance in South Africa: barriers and enablers of virtual evaluation in the public sector

Virtual Evaluation (VE) has emerged as a valuable tool in public sector monitoring and evaluation (M&E), offering opportunities to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. The increasing emphasis on digital transformation in South Africa has led to growing interest in integrating VE into public sector evaluation processes. Despite this interest, there is limited empirical research on the factors that influence its adoption, particularly in government institutions responsible for M&E. Existing studies primarily focus on the benefits of VE, with little attention given to the challenges public officials face in implementing it effectively. This study aims to investigate the barriers and enablers affecting the adoption of VE in South Africa's public sector. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study draws insights from workshops hosted by the South African Monitoring and Evaluation Association (SAMEA), a survey with public sector officials, and key informant interviews with senior government evaluators. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Institutional Theory guide the research, which helps explain the technological and organizational dynamics influencing VE adoption. Preliminary analysis suggests that successful VE implementation depends on technological readiness, institutional support, and regulatory alignment. The study explores challenges related to digital skills, infrastructure, policy clarity, and stakeholder engagement, highlighting areas that require targeted interventions. Based on the findings, the study recommends capacity-building programs to improve digital proficiency among public officials, investment in infrastructure to support VE platforms, and policy frameworks to standardize and institutionalize VE across government departments. By addressing these challenges, public institutions can enhance the effectiveness of M&E practices and leverage digital innovations for improved governance. This study contributes to the evolving discourse on digital transformation in M&E, offering practical insights for policymakers, evaluators, and researchers working to advance evidence-based decision-making in South Africa's public sector.