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Framework for the Statistical Characterization of Supplied Water Age in Water Distribution Networks

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  • Sarai Díaz

    (University of Castilla-La Mancha)

  • Javier González

    (University of Castilla-La Mancha)

Abstract

Water age or time of residence is frequently adopted as surrogate indicator for water quality in water distribution networks. High water ages, which are expected in terminal branches and meshed areas with low renovation rates, are associated with different physical, chemical and/or biological issues. However, the identification of critical areas is complex because it depends on the system design and associated demands, which are stochastic in nature. This work aims to develop a methodological framework to statistically characterize water age in water distribution networks. A detailed analysis of residence times is here performed at a parametric terminal branch inspired in a real case study. Water age statistical properties (mean and variance) are computed in this work from Monte Carlo simulations and compared for different network sizes, types of nodes and demand allocation strategies. Moreover, volumetric probabilistic curves for the Supplied Water AGE (SWAGE plots) are here defined and generated at each node. The practical interest of SWAGE plots (which provide the ratio of supplied water volumes with age above different threshold values) for the identification of critical areas justifies the necessity of defining a systematic framework for the STATistical characterization of Water AGE (STATWAGE). The potential and difficulties associated with the real implementation of STATWAGE are here discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Sarai Díaz & Javier González, 2025. "Framework for the Statistical Characterization of Supplied Water Age in Water Distribution Networks," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 39(9), pages 4335-4359, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:waterr:v:39:y:2025:i:9:d:10.1007_s11269-025-04157-y
    DOI: 10.1007/s11269-025-04157-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wei-ping Cheng & En-hua Liu & Jing-qing Liu, 2015. "A Novel Statistical Model for Water Age Estimation in Water Distribution Networks," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2015, pages 1-9, August.
    2. Emilio Ruiz & Sarai Díaz & Javier González, 2022. "Potential Performance of Hydraulic State Estimation in Water Distribution Networks," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 36(2), pages 745-762, January.
    3. Gustavo H. B. Cassiolato & Jose Ruben Ruiz-Femenia & Raquel Salcedo-Diaz & Mauro A. S. S. Ravagnani, 2024. "Water Distribution Networks Optimization Considering Uncertainties in the Demand Nodes," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 38(4), pages 1479-1495, March.
    4. Kristina Korder & Hao Cao & Elad Salomons & Avi Ostfeld & Pu Li, 2024. "Simultaneous Minimization of Water Age and Pressure in Water Distribution Systems by Pressure Reducing Valves," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 38(10), pages 3561-3579, August.
    5. Elena Cristiano & Pietro Biddau & Andrea Delogu & Martina Gandolfi & Roberto Deidda & Francesco Viola, 2024. "Automatic Detection of Water Consumption Temporal Patterns in a Residential Area in Northen Italy," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 38(15), pages 6213-6228, December.
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