Interactions and Integrated Optimization between Secondary Water Supply Devices and Drinking Water Distribution Systems: a Review

With the rapid pace of urbanization, secondary water supply (SWS) systems have become a crucial link between drinking water distribution systems (WDS) and residential water usage. However, they are often managed in isolation, neglecting their intricate interactions. Prior studies have predominantly focused on WDS, overlooking the critical role of SWS systems. Through the utilization of CiteSpace, we systematically review relevant literature, delving into the development history of four typical types of SWS systems and analyzing the interplay between the two main SWS systems and WDS. Findings reveal that the start-stop operation of SWS systems alters urban water consumption patterns, potentially impacting the pressure drops within WDS during water intake. Lapses in management may trigger backflow, compromising WDS water quality. Conversely, insufficient water supply or excessive pressure oscillations in WDS can detrimentally affect SWS operational conditions. For most SWS devices lacking disinfection measures, the water quality of WDS sets the benchmark for SWS water quality. These findings highlight the complex, bidirectional relationship between WDS and SWS systems. Through integrated optimization strategies, peak water inflow can be effectively managed via peak-load shifting regulation, while advanced optimization algorithms can substantially mitigate pressure fluctuations and reduce energy consumption. This systematic review underscores the critical necessity for integrated optimization of SWS systems and WDS, proving its dual efficacy in securing water supply safety and reducing overall energy demand, thereby advancing sustainable and efficient water management practices.