Enhancing Urban Air Quality with Smart Vehicle Exhaust Management

Air pollution is the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Burning gasoline and diesel fuel creates harmful byproducts like nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, benzene, and formaldehyde. This study proposes a sensor-based model to control vehicular pollution by monitoring emission levels and preventing vehicles from operating if their pollution exceeds government standards. The proposed model consists of a smoke sensor, particulate sensors, carbon monoxide sensors, along with Arduino based microcontroller, data logger, LCD display, and GPRS modem. Using the block diagram, a mathematical model has been developed and some differential equations by using Markov process have been generated. This Markov-based model gives the information about the failure causes and working of the proposed system. Some reliability matrices like availability, mean time between failure (MTBF), and sensitivity analysis have been evaluated with the help of Laplace transform and illustrated with the help of graphs. Also, the failure cases of the system and its cost analysis have been done along with all the numerical calculations required for the successful operation of the model.