Earthquake disaster prediction for urban water supply systems: a review of key technologies and a multilevel assessment framework

Urban water supply systems are a vital part of lifeline infrastructure, and their failure after earthquakes can severely impact city operations. Earthquake disaster prediction is important, as it helps identify weak points before earthquakes and enables early prevention. However, current prediction methods lack systematization, and the variety of methods available complicates their practical application. In this study, key methods for earthquake disaster prediction in water supply systems are reviewed, their principles, characteristics, and application scenarios are analyzed, and a preliminary hierarchical and phased assessment framework is proposed. The findings support the use of scientific and practical methods for future earthquake disaster prediction efforts.