Characteristics of aerosols and planetary boundary layer dynamics during biomass burning season

The northeastern region of Pakistan (NEP) has experienced increased haze episodes over the past decade, primarily due to enhanced biomass burning activities during the post-monsoon season. Economic growth, urbanization and industrial development also controbuted to high pollutants levels that leads to decline in air quality and visibility. These elevated pollution levels over NEP (69–75.5°E, 27.4–34°N) are influenced by both meteorological conditions and anthropogenic activities. This study investigates aerosol concentrations before, during, and after the haze episode during November 2021 using model simulations and remote sensing data. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), along with satellite observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are used for validation and analysis of this haze episode. The results illustrate the key contributors to this haze event and showed the there is significant increases in aerosol components such as sulfate, black carbon, organic carbon, dust and aerosol optical depth (AOD). The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height, measured with Ceilometer LIDAR, showed decreasing trend in height from October to December that support aerosol accumulation near the surface during the the month of November. This month is also biomass burning, crop residue burning, season in the region. These haze episodes also impacts the atmospheric visibility that dropped below 2 km in November. These findings provide key insights into the complex interactions between meteorology, emissions, and haze formation in NEP region, and will provide policy makers to design effective mittigation strategies.