A comprehensive study on the synchronized outgoing longwave radiation and relative humidity anomalies related to global Mw ≥ 6.5 earthquakes

Remote Sensing (RS) provides significant insights for the monitoring of natural disasters like earthquakes for pre-and post-seismic precursors around the seismogenic regions. The integrated analysis of atmosphere data from satellites has been vital in this progress, providing detection of anomalies associated with the seismic activities. This study provides a comprehensive study of a statistical analysis for possible atmospheric precursors over the forth coming seismic breeding zone around the world. In this study, we have investigated Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and Relative Humidity (RH) anomalies associated with 10 large magnitude (Mw ≥ 6.5) earthquakes around the world. We examined pre-and post-seismic anomalies in OLR and RH from the data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Physical Sciences Laboratory (NOAA-PSL). This research confirms the existence of OLR and RH precursors as candidate parameters for large earthquakes precursors over the epicenters. The study findings indicate that the OLR and RH anomalies were evident in each of the 10 seismic events, with anomalous windows occurring between 7 and 5 days before and in few cases 2 to 3 days after the earthquake. Furthermore, this study suggests that OLR and RH hold promise as reliable space-based precursors for earthquake forecasting. The identified anomalies exhibit a notable consistency with the stress-induced activation of proxy defects at the interface between the lithosphere and atmosphere within the seismic breeding zone.