Transnational wildlife trafficking via airways: a criminological study of Trends, modus operandi, and enforcement challenges at Chennai International Airport

Chennai International Airport is a major hub for the illegal wildlife trade in India, and transnational wildlife trafficking (TWT) via air transport has become a serious environmental and security concern. Owing to the demand for expensive wildlife products, exotic pets, and traditional medicine, TWT is the fourth most profitable crime in the world. Chennai airport’s central role in this illegal trade is highlighted by the fact that it accounts for more than 36% of all wildlife seizures at Indian airports. Trafficking of live animals and wildlife products increases the possibility of zoonotic disease transmission in addition to endangering biodiversity and natural ecosystems. Enforcement is hindered by traffickers’ sophisticated concealment techniques, a lack of detection resources, and the intricate transnational nature of these crimes, even in the face of legal tools such as the Wildlife Protection Act (1972), CITES, and customs regulations. Based on the analysis of 48 news stories from major South Indian newspapers, this study aims to examine the trends, scope, and tactics of the TWT that took place through Chennai International Airport between October 2018 and October 2024 by analyzing the trafficked species, smuggling strategies, and the difficulties faced by enforcement authorities. The study further emphasizes how social media platforms, unlicensed pet stores, and breeding facilities fueled the demand and supported the trafficking networks. Despite continuous enforcement efforts, the illegal trade continues with the structural flaws and inadequate governance. The study highlights the pressing need for increased public awareness, strategic airport surveillance, and more stringent regulation to reduce TWT and protect ecological and public health interests.