Smart ports in the 5G era: US–China technological competition, governance challenges, and Taiwan’s strategic responsejia

This study examines the transformation of maritime logistics through the integration of fifth-generation (5G) communications and related digital technologies, situating China’s rapid deployment of “smart port” initiatives within a broader context of US–China strategic rivalry. By analysing policy frameworks, infrastructure investments, and governance models in the Tianjin Smart Port case, the research highlights the dual imperatives of operational efficiency and national security that drive state-led versus market-oriented development paradigms. A comparative literature review of European, American, and Chinese smart-port implementations reveals gaps in existing governance structures, particularly regarding data sovereignty, supply-chain resilience, and cross-border interoperability. Drawing on institutional theory and supply-chain resilience scholarship, the study proposes a novel, integrated analytical framework that accounts for geopolitical dynamics, technological standards competition, and public-private coordination. Finally, it assesses Taiwan’s unique strategic position, offering policy recommendations to enhance its smart-port competitiveness, safeguard data assets, and strengthen interagency coordination. The findings underscore the need for a balanced approach that combines technological innovation with robust legal safeguards and multilateral cooperation to navigate the evolving landscape of smart-port development.