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Sustainable two and three rates of imperfect production systems for defective items with price-advertisement demand

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  • C. K. Sivashankari

    (R.M.K. Engineering College)

Abstract

Sustainable production involves the creation of products and the delivery of services in a way that protects the environment, ensures economic viability, and promotes the health and safety of employees, communities, and customers. This paper focuses on sustainable production models for an imperfect production system that produces defective items, with demand influenced by price and advertisement, where the optimal production quantity is the primary decision variable. Two models are developed: one incorporating three production rates, and the other considering two production rates. The price break-even point is calculated, and the demand law is validated. This study introduces a sustainable production strategy for managing defective and damaged items, addressing the following points: (1) A small percentage of manufactured goods may be defective, but their quality can be improved through investments in quality enhancement; (2) Carbon emissions from manufacturing processes and product stock can be reduced by investing in carbon reduction efforts; (3) Advertisement and price-dependent demand are effective methods to increase product popularity across all customer segments; (4) Setting the product price, which can be determined using the price break-even point, is a crucial aspect for manufacturers; and (5) By employing two and three rates of production, initial investments can be minimized, and holding costs can be reduced. The objective of this paper is to maximize profit in an imperfect production system. A mathematical model is developed for both scenarios, and a numerical experiment is conducted to validate the mathematical formulation. Sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the impact of inventory factors on total profit and derive management implications. The model results have been implemented using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.

Suggested Citation

  • C. K. Sivashankari, 2025. "Sustainable two and three rates of imperfect production systems for defective items with price-advertisement demand," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 16(6), pages 2121-2140, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ijsaem:v:16:y:2025:i:6:d:10.1007_s13198-025-02796-3
    DOI: 10.1007/s13198-025-02796-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rashmi Ranjan Panigrahi & Duryodhan Jena & Padma Charan Mishra, 2022. "Inventory automation practices and productivity: a study on steel manufacturing firms," International Journal of Applied Systemic Studies, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 9(3), pages 195-213.
    2. Battini, Daria & Persona, Alessandro & Sgarbossa, Fabio, 2014. "A sustainable EOQ model: Theoretical formulation and applications," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 145-153.
    3. Ata Allah Taleizadeh & Leila Aliabadi & Park Thaichon, 2022. "A sustainable inventory system with price-sensitive demand and carbon emissions under partial trade credit and partial backordering," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 4471-4516, September.
    4. Pankaj Narang & Pijus Kanti De, 2023. "An imperfect production-inventory model for reworked items with advertisement, time and price dependent demand for non-instantaneous deteriorating item using genetic algorithm," International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 24(1), pages 53-77.
    5. C.K. Sivashankari & S. Panayappan, 2014. "Production inventory model for two levels production with defective items and incorporating multi-delivery policy," International Journal of Operational Research, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 19(3), pages 259-279.
    6. Ali AlArjani & Md. Maniruzzaman Miah & Md. Sharif Uddin & Abu Hashan Md. Mashud & Hui-Ming Wee & Shib Sankar Sana & Hari Mohan Srivastava, 2021. "A Sustainable Economic Recycle Quantity Model for Imperfect Production System with Shortages," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-21, April.
    7. C. K. Sivashankari & R. Valarmathi, 2023. "Optimal pricing and production lot-size policies in imperfect production system with price-sensitive demand, reworking, scrap, and sales return," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 1-28, September.
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    1. Jinyuan Liu & Pengfei Jiang & Shr-Shiung Hu & Gino K. Yang, 2025. "Approximated Optimal Solution for Economic Manufacturing Quantity Model," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.

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