A colloquium on the variational method applied to excitons in 2D materials

In this colloquium, we review the research on excitons in van der Waals heterostructures from the point of view of variational calculations. We first make a presentation of the current and past literature, followed by a discussion on the connections between experimental and theoretical results. In particular, we focus our review of the literature on the absorption spectrum and polarizability, as well as the Stark shift and the dissociation rate. Afterwards, we begin the discussion of the use of variational methods in the study of excitons. We initially model the electron–hole interaction as a soft-Coulomb potential, which can be used to describe interlayer excitons. Using an ansatz, based on the solution for the two-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator, we study the Rytova–Keldysh potential, which is appropriate to describe intralayer excitons in two-dimensional (2D) materials. These variational energies are then recalculated with a different ansatz, based on the exact wavefunction of the 2D hydrogen atom, and the obtained energy curves are compared. Afterwards, we discuss the Wannier–Mott exciton model, reviewing it briefly before focusing on an application of this model to obtain both the exciton absorption spectrum and the binding energies for certain values of the physical parameters of the materials. Finally, we briefly discuss an approximation of the electron–hole interaction in interlayer excitons as an harmonic potential and the comparison of the obtained results with the existing values from both first-principles calculations and experimental measurements. Graphical abstract