Storage or Run-of-river Reservoirs: Exploring the Ecological Effects of Dam Operation on Stability and Species Interactions of Fish Assemblages

Water level variation has an important role in the biology of fish species, driving behavior, feeding, and reproduction both in natural and modified environments. In reservoirs, different dam operation schemes result in alternative patterns of water level fluctuations. Storage (STR) reservoirs accumulate water and can vary the water level unpredictably, whereas this variation is more discrete in run-of-river (ROR) reservoirs. For this reason, ROR reservoirs are commonly presumed to be less environmentally harmful than STR reservoirs. We used multivariate autoregressive models (MAR) to compare the stability and species interactions of fish assemblages from two reservoirs under alternative operation schemes, using long-term data (15 years). We hypothesized that the lower variability of water level in the ROR reservoir would coincide with a more stable fish assemblage than in the STR reservoir. Contrary to our expectation, the MAR properties related to resilience and resistance indicated that the fish assemblage from the ROR was less stable than that from the STR reservoir. This suggests that the absence of water level variation limits the potential direct (movement and reproduction of fish) and indirect (primary production and nutrient input) benefits for fish that arise from the temporal environmental heterogeneity. Most importantly, this study highlights the need to reexamine the implications of ROR reservoirs on the health of aquatic communities. At least for fish, management actions should include varying the water level in a regime as similar as possible to the natural flow regime of the river, in order to improve the state of assemblages.