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Sustainable hydrogen production through water splitting: a comprehensive review

Author

Listed:
  • S. Safari

    (Islamic Azad University (IAU))

  • Farbod Esmaeilion

    (K.N. Toosi University of Technology)

  • A. Rabanian

    (University of Tehran)

  • D. H. Jamali

    (University of Tehran)

  • S. Negi

    (National Institute of Technology Silchar)

  • S. Hoseinzadeh

    (Sapienza University of Rome)

  • F. Sayedin

    (Wentech Solutions Inc)

  • S. S. Bhoglla

    (Indian Institute of Technology Jammu)

  • M. El. Haj Assad

    (University of Sharjah)

  • B. Das

    (National Institute of Technology Silchar)

  • M. A. Ehyaei

    (Islamic Azad University)

  • A. Ahmadi

    (Iran University of Science & Technology)

  • M. Soltani

    (K.N. Toosi University of Technology)

  • Hamed Afshari

    (Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch)

Abstract

The continuous increase in population is causing a lot of pressure on energy production sector due to the huge demand at domestic and industrial scales. Developed and developing countries have set restrictions on the energy use from greenhouse gas emissions point of view. Hydrogen as a clean source of energy has been given full research consideration due to its high energy density. However, there are many challenges in producing hydrogen efficiently, economically and environmental friendly. Hydrogen can be produced from biomass and water splitting processes using renewable energy sources, which are extensively discussed in this work. The strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of hydrogen production processes are presented and discussed considering different methods of hydrogen production. Moreover, energy, exergy, economic and environment analyses (4E) for hydrogen production from water splitting process are discussed. In addition to SWOT factor, political, economic, social and technological (PEST) considerations are also considered.

Suggested Citation

  • S. Safari & Farbod Esmaeilion & A. Rabanian & D. H. Jamali & S. Negi & S. Hoseinzadeh & F. Sayedin & S. S. Bhoglla & M. El. Haj Assad & B. Das & M. A. Ehyaei & A. Ahmadi & M. Soltani & Hamed Afshari, 2025. "Sustainable hydrogen production through water splitting: a comprehensive review," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(8), pages 17887-17926, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:27:y:2025:i:8:d:10.1007_s10668-024-04699-y
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-04699-y
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