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Towards the institutionalization of ethics: agricultural experts’ knowledge of planning effective management of passive defense in Iran

Author

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  • Seyed Davood Hajimirrahimi

    (Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO))

  • Rando Värnik

    (Estonian University of Life Sciences)

  • Elham Eftekhari

    (Islamic Azad University)

  • Dacinia Crina Petrescu

    (Babes-Bolyai University)

  • Ruxandra Malina Petrescu-Mag

    (Babeş-Bolyai University)

  • Maryam Pour

    (University of Liège)

  • Hossein Azadi

    (University of Liège)

Abstract

Globally, agriculture is regarded as the pivot of independence and economic development. Threats to Iranian agriculture are serious and their management calls for the application of passive defense principles. The lack of structural mechanisms, poor knowledge, and poor skills in human resources are the main obstacles to the deployment of passive defense in the agricultural sector. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of agricultural experts about effective passive defense management planning and moving towards its ethical institutionalization in Iran. The research methodology was based on a quantitative approach using a questionnaire-based survey. The final participants were selected using a proportional random sampling method, and finally, 97 males and 44 females were surveyed. The results indicated that the knowledge of the participants regarding the passive defense in agriculture was less than moderate (3.64 out of 10), showing its non-optimal condition. In addition, educational level and field of study brought about significant (p

Suggested Citation

  • Seyed Davood Hajimirrahimi & Rando Värnik & Elham Eftekhari & Dacinia Crina Petrescu & Ruxandra Malina Petrescu-Mag & Maryam Pour & Hossein Azadi, 2025. "Towards the institutionalization of ethics: agricultural experts’ knowledge of planning effective management of passive defense in Iran," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(10), pages 25525-25557, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:27:y:2025:i:10:d:10.1007_s10668-024-04534-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-04534-4
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