Assessing energy, economic, environmental and social impacts of fostering energy efficiency technologies: a Portuguese case study

This work suggests an overarching methodology that couples Hybrid Input–Output Lifecycle Analysis with thermal dynamic simulation. This methodological framework allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the energy, economic, environmental, and social impacts of fostering energy efficiency solutions in the residential sector. The main goal is to provide practical guidance to decision-makers in the formulation of appropriate funding strategies. The energy efficiency solutions under scrutiny consist of replacing compact fluorescent lamps with light emitting diode lamps, applying expanded polystyrene and insulation cork board on roofs and facades and installing heat pumps, biomass boilers, and gas boilers for space heating. The findings suggest that switching to more efficient lighting devices brings environmental, energy, and health benefits, but it may also have adverse effects on the economy and employment. Regarding insulation, applying expanded polystyrene simultaneously to roofs and facades results in a 63% decrease in energy requirements. However, the manufacturing, packaging, installation, and maintenance phases result in 3,500 tons of greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of 57TJ of primary energy, while 380 jobs and 11 M€ in gross value added are generated. Finally, heat pumps appear to be the most environmentally friendly equipment, while gas boilers have the highest lifecycle energy consumption, and biomass boilers have the highest economic and employment benefits, despite leading to the greatest potential of premature deaths.