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Review of Advances in Algae as an Energy Source

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  • Deema Darwish

    (British University in Dubai)

  • Bassam Abu-Hijleh

    (British University in Dubai)

Abstract

Algae biofuels are central to hard-to-electrify sectors like aviation's decarbonization, but scalability and cost remain challenges. This review addresses them by summarizing post-2020 advances in genetic engineering, biorefinery integration, and market trends driven by policy. Unlike other research, we introduce a first-of-its-kind Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) comparison (Figure 19), which locates algae biofuels' niche in high-value applications (e.g., sustainable aviation fuel) even at higher costs than solar/wind. We also highlight underappreciated synergies, such as algae-cement symbiosis (Figure 8) and bioplastics (Figure 13), that can reduce the production costs by 40%. By the synthesis of technical, economic, and regulatory intelligence, this work establishes a roadmap for scalable, policy-supported algae bioenergy systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Deema Darwish & Bassam Abu-Hijleh, 2025. "Review of Advances in Algae as an Energy Source," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 5(5), pages 4703-4729, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:circec:v:5:y:2025:i:5:d:10.1007_s43615-025-00607-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s43615-025-00607-2
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