Modele finansowania infrastruktury badawczo-rozwojowej w Polsce

Purpose: The aim of this article is to identify and analyse the basic models of funding research and development infrastructure, as well as the challenges associated with them. Methodology: The research methods used include interdisciplinary literature studies (economics, law, management), regulations and reports, as well as interviews with stakeholders. Results: Four models for financing R&D infrastructures embedded in the state aid regime were identified: scientific, mixed, experimental, and economic. National experiences with their application were discussed. Their characteristics, challenges, and risks were presented. Discrepancies in terminology were noted, and directions for their interpretation were suggested. Research limitations/implications: The study is exploratory in nature, and the conclusions presented require further in-depth comparative research across countries and research on the effectiveness and efficiency of models across the full life cycle, as well as analysis of indicators used to evaluate R&D infrastructure projects, particularly financial indicators. Originality/value: The research gap concerns the methods of funding R&D infrastructure, particularly from the perspective of state aid regulations. Addressing this gap can help streamline and facilitate the development and implementation of R&D infrastructure support programs. From the perspective of beneficiaries, the presented characteristics of models and challenges related to them can facilitate the selection of a financing model appropriate to the goals and conditions of planned R&D infrastructure investments.